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0
Q

What are the types of epithelial membranes?

A
  • cutaneous membranes
  • mucous membranes
  • serous membranes
1
Q

What is the function of body membranes?

A
  • covers body surfaces

* protective sheets around organs

2
Q

Name of connective tissue membrane

A

Synovial membrane (joints)

3
Q

Features of the cutaneous membrane (skin)

A
  • dry membrane
  • outermost protective boundary
  • superficial and lower layer
4
Q

The cutaneous membrane is composed of what two tissues?

A

Superficial epidermis - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Underlying dermis - dense connective tissue

5
Q

Define the features of mucous membranes

A
  • surface epithelium type depends on site
  • underlying loose connective tissue
  • lines cavities open to air
  • for absorption/secretion
6
Q

What are the 2 types of surface epithelium tissue

A

-stratified squamous epithelium
(Mouth/esophagus)
-simple columnar epithelium
(Rest of digestion tract)

7
Q

Define the features of serous membranes

A
  • surface layer, simple squamous epithelium
  • underlying layer, Areolar connective tissue
  • lines open cavities that are closed to the exterior of body
8
Q

Name the 2 layers separated by serious fluid

A
  • visceral layer (outside is organ)

- parietal layer (lines wall of ventral cavity)

9
Q

3 specific serous membranes and location

A
-peritoneum
Abdominal cavity
-pleura 
Around lungs
-pericardium
Around heart
10
Q

What is Ascites?

A

A accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

11
Q

What is Pleural effusion?

A

An accumulation of fluid in Pleural cavity

Between the 2 membranes

12
Q

What is Pericardial effusion?

A

Pericardial effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the Pericardial cavity

13
Q

Explain the function and features of the synovial membrane

A
  • connective tissue membrane
  • lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
  • secretes lubricating fluid
14
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane and what are its derivatives?

A
  • integumentary system (skin)
  • sweat glands
  • oil glands
  • hair
  • nails
15
Q

Skin protects deeper tissues from:

A
  • mechanical damage (bumps)
  • chemical damage (acid/base)
  • bacterial damage
  • ultraviolet radiation
  • thermal damage
  • dessication (drying out)
16
Q

Skin functions:

A
  • aids in heat loss/retention (nervous system)
  • excretes urea/uric acid
  • synthesizes vitamin D
17
Q

Define the outer layer of skin

A
- Epidermis 
Stratified squamous epithelium 
-hardened by keratin
-prevents water loss
-avascular
-mostly keratinocytes
18
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Dense connective tissue

Vascular

19
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary layer (upper dermal)

- reticular layer (deepest skin)

20
Q

Describe the papillary layer

A
  • projections, dermal papillae
  • some capillary loops
  • some house pain receptors/touch
21
Q

Describe the reticular layer

A
  • blood vessels
  • sweat/oil glands
  • deep pressure receptors
22
Q

What it the overall structure of the dermis?

A
  • collagen/elastic fibers throughout

- blood vessels for body temp regulation

23
Q

What are the 3 cells that determines skin color?

A
  • melanin (yellow, brown, black)
  • carotene (yellow from vegetables)
  • hemoglobin (red from RBC and oxygen)
24
Q

What are some alterations in skin color?

A
  • erythema/redness
  • pallor/blanching
  • jaundice/yellow
  • bruises/hematomas
25
Q

Types and features of cutaneous glands

A
All exocrine
-sebaceous/sweat
• hair
• hair follicles 
• nails
26
Q

Describe the function of oil (sebaceous) glands

A

-produce oil
•skin lubricant
•stops brittle hair
•kills bacteria

27
Q

Function and location of sweat (sudoriferous) glands

A
  • produce sweat
  • widely distributed
  • water + salt
28
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

-eccrine
• produce sweat

-apocrine
• sweat that has fatty acids/proteins

29
Q

What is sweats composition?

A
  • mostly water
  • salts/vitiman C
  • some uric/urea acid
  • fatty acids/proteins (apocrine)
30
Q

Function of sweat

A
  • regulates heat
  • excretes waste products
  • inhibits bacteria growth
31
Q

What is hair?

A
  • produced by hair follicle
  • hard keratinized epithelial cells
  • melanocytes for pigment
  • grows in stratum basale
32
Q

What is the anatomy of hair?

A
  • central medulla
  • cortex surrounds medulla
  • cuticle outside of cortex
33
Q

What is the arrector pilli muscle?

A
  • smooth muscle (involuntary)
  • activated when cold/scared
  • has both types of glands
34
Q

Describe the structor of the nail

A
  • modification of epidermis
  • heavily keratinized
  • no pigment
  • stratum basal extends beneath nail bed
35
Q

How do burns occur?

A

Tissue/cell damage cause by

  • heat
  • electricity
  • UV radiation
  • chemicals
36
Q

What are the dangers associated with burns?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Circulatory shock
  • Infection
37
Q

What is the rule of 9s?

A
  • determines existent of burns
  • body divided into 11 areas
  • each area is 9%
38
Q

Severity of burns

A
  • first degree (sunburn)
  • second degree (blisters)
  • third degree (total skin loss)
39
Q

What makes a burn critical?

A
  • over 25%
  • 10% has third degree
  • face, hands, feet and neck
40
Q

Athletes foot (tinea pedis)

A

Fungal infection

41
Q

Boils and carbuncles

A

Bacterial infection, common in diabetes

42
Q

Cold sores

A

Virus

43
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Allergic reaction (poison ivy)

44
Q

Impetigo

A

Bacterial infection common in children

45
Q

Psoriasis

A

Unknown

Trigger by trauma, infection, stress

46
Q

Classify the two types of cancer

A
  • benign (encapsulated)

- malignant (metastasized)

47
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A
  • least malignant
  • most common type
  • arises from stratum basale
48
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Arises from stratum spinosum

49
Q

Malignant melanoma

A
  • cancer of melanocytes

- arises from basal layer

50
Q

ABCD rule for moles

A
A = asymmetry 
B = border irregularity 
C = color
D = diameter