What are the types of epithelial membranes?
- cutaneous membranes
- mucous membranes
- serous membranes
What is the function of body membranes?
- covers body surfaces
* protective sheets around organs
Name of connective tissue membrane
Synovial membrane (joints)
Features of the cutaneous membrane (skin)
- dry membrane
- outermost protective boundary
- superficial and lower layer
The cutaneous membrane is composed of what two tissues?
Superficial epidermis - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Underlying dermis - dense connective tissue
Define the features of mucous membranes
- surface epithelium type depends on site
- underlying loose connective tissue
- lines cavities open to air
- for absorption/secretion
What are the 2 types of surface epithelium tissue
-stratified squamous epithelium
(Mouth/esophagus)
-simple columnar epithelium
(Rest of digestion tract)
Define the features of serous membranes
- surface layer, simple squamous epithelium
- underlying layer, Areolar connective tissue
- lines open cavities that are closed to the exterior of body
Name the 2 layers separated by serious fluid
- visceral layer (outside is organ)
- parietal layer (lines wall of ventral cavity)
3 specific serous membranes and location
-peritoneum Abdominal cavity -pleura Around lungs -pericardium Around heart
What is Ascites?
A accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
What is Pleural effusion?
An accumulation of fluid in Pleural cavity
Between the 2 membranes
What is Pericardial effusion?
Pericardial effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the Pericardial cavity
Explain the function and features of the synovial membrane
- connective tissue membrane
- lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
- secretes lubricating fluid
What is the cutaneous membrane and what are its derivatives?
- integumentary system (skin)
- sweat glands
- oil glands
- hair
- nails
Skin protects deeper tissues from:
- mechanical damage (bumps)
- chemical damage (acid/base)
- bacterial damage
- ultraviolet radiation
- thermal damage
- dessication (drying out)
Skin functions:
- aids in heat loss/retention (nervous system)
- excretes urea/uric acid
- synthesizes vitamin D
Define the outer layer of skin
- Epidermis Stratified squamous epithelium -hardened by keratin -prevents water loss -avascular -mostly keratinocytes
What is the dermis?
Dense connective tissue
Vascular
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
- papillary layer (upper dermal)
- reticular layer (deepest skin)
Describe the papillary layer
- projections, dermal papillae
- some capillary loops
- some house pain receptors/touch
Describe the reticular layer
- blood vessels
- sweat/oil glands
- deep pressure receptors
What it the overall structure of the dermis?
- collagen/elastic fibers throughout
- blood vessels for body temp regulation
What are the 3 cells that determines skin color?
- melanin (yellow, brown, black)
- carotene (yellow from vegetables)
- hemoglobin (red from RBC and oxygen)
What are some alterations in skin color?
- erythema/redness
- pallor/blanching
- jaundice/yellow
- bruises/hematomas
Types and features of cutaneous glands
All exocrine -sebaceous/sweat • hair • hair follicles • nails
Describe the function of oil (sebaceous) glands
-produce oil
•skin lubricant
•stops brittle hair
•kills bacteria
Function and location of sweat (sudoriferous) glands
- produce sweat
- widely distributed
- water + salt
What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?
-eccrine
• produce sweat
-apocrine
• sweat that has fatty acids/proteins
What is sweats composition?
- mostly water
- salts/vitiman C
- some uric/urea acid
- fatty acids/proteins (apocrine)
Function of sweat
- regulates heat
- excretes waste products
- inhibits bacteria growth
What is hair?
- produced by hair follicle
- hard keratinized epithelial cells
- melanocytes for pigment
- grows in stratum basale
What is the anatomy of hair?
- central medulla
- cortex surrounds medulla
- cuticle outside of cortex
What is the arrector pilli muscle?
- smooth muscle (involuntary)
- activated when cold/scared
- has both types of glands
Describe the structor of the nail
- modification of epidermis
- heavily keratinized
- no pigment
- stratum basal extends beneath nail bed
How do burns occur?
Tissue/cell damage cause by
- heat
- electricity
- UV radiation
- chemicals
What are the dangers associated with burns?
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Circulatory shock
- Infection
What is the rule of 9s?
- determines existent of burns
- body divided into 11 areas
- each area is 9%
Severity of burns
- first degree (sunburn)
- second degree (blisters)
- third degree (total skin loss)
What makes a burn critical?
- over 25%
- 10% has third degree
- face, hands, feet and neck
Athletes foot (tinea pedis)
Fungal infection
Boils and carbuncles
Bacterial infection, common in diabetes
Cold sores
Virus
Contact dermatitis
Allergic reaction (poison ivy)
Impetigo
Bacterial infection common in children
Psoriasis
Unknown
Trigger by trauma, infection, stress
Classify the two types of cancer
- benign (encapsulated)
- malignant (metastasized)
Basal cell carcinoma
- least malignant
- most common type
- arises from stratum basale
Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from stratum spinosum
Malignant melanoma
- cancer of melanocytes
- arises from basal layer
ABCD rule for moles
A = asymmetry B = border irregularity C = color D = diameter