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Flashcards in Chapter 32 WS Deck (33)
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1
Q

What part of the brain do most CNS tumors occur.

A

cerebrum

2
Q

What is the most common classification of brain tumor.

A

glioma

3
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum.

A
  • Interpretation of sensory impulses and voluntary muscular activities;
  • it is the center for memory, learning, reasoning, judgment, intelligence, and emotions
4
Q

what type of primary cancer is most commonly responsible for metastatic brain cancer

A

lung cancer

5
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain do most metastatic brain cancers occur.

A

cerebral hemispheres

6
Q

List some late effects of radiation therapy to the brains of children.

A
  • Decrease in IQ scores,
  • impaired mental functions such as processing speed, attention, and working memory.
  • Higher incidences of emotional distress such as anxiety and depression, which can diminish quality of life.
7
Q

List three structures that are filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid).

A

ventricles, cancals, and subarachnoid space

8
Q

what secretes CSF

A

Ependymal cells secrete about .5 L of CSF each day into the ventricles. The ependymal cells line the choroid plexuses.

9
Q

What is the tentorium.

A

A fold of dura mater (the outer covering of the brain) that separates the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres.

10
Q

What structures are located in the supratentorial region..

A
  • The cerebral hemispheres,
  • the sella, pineal,
  • upper brainstem regions
11
Q

What structures are located in the infratentorial region.

A
  • Brainstem,
  • pons,
  • medulla, and
  • cerebellum
12
Q

Where does the blood supply for the brain come from.

A

Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries via the circle of Willis.

13
Q

primary source of enegery for brain cells

A

glucose

14
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

L1-L2

15
Q

what does CSF look like

A

clear colorless fluid that resemebles water

16
Q

list some lipid soluble substances

A
  • alcohol
  • nicotine
  • heroin
17
Q

list some water soluble substances

A
  • glucose
  • some amino acids
  • sodium
18
Q

what substances can cross the BBB

A

Lipid soluble.

Water-soluble substances can as well if they have a carrier molecule to cross the barrier via active transport

19
Q

what is CSF composed of

A
  • Proteins,
  • glucose,
  • urea (a compound formed in the liver and excreted by the kidney),
  • salts.
20
Q

signs and symptoms of intracranial pressure

A
  • Headaches,
  • vomiting,
  • lethargy,
  • seizures, and
  • neurologic symptoms.
21
Q

what is papilledema

A

edema of the optic disc

results from increased intracranial pressure

22
Q

List some symptoms that indicate a tumor in the front portion of the brain.

A
  • Personality changes,
  • memory defects,
  • gait disorders,
  • speech difficulties
23
Q

List some symptoms that indicate a tumor in the parietal regions of the brain.

A
  • loss of vision,
  • spatial disorientation,
  • seizures.
24
Q

What radionuclide is used in a PET scan.

A

FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose).

It is known as a tracer. The tracer collects in areas of the body that have higher levels of chemical activity. Cancer cells show up as bright spots on PET scans because they have a higher metabolic rate than normal cells. (note: other noncancerous conditions can also look like cancers)

25
Q

what is dubulking

A

reducing the size of a tumor

26
Q

why are most patients with CNS tumors prescribed steroids

A

to reduce sweeling and subside symptoms

27
Q

Why must the steroid dose be gradually decreased rather than stopped at once.

A

Because the body stops producing natural steroids when an abundance is found in the bloodstream and it needs to start producing it naturally again before being taken off completely.

28
Q

craniospinal treatment involves treatment to what two areas

A

entire brain and spinal cord

29
Q

craniospinal treatment is most commonly used in the treatment of what cancer

A

medulloblastoma

30
Q

at what dose may temporary hair loss occur

A

2000-4000 cGy

31
Q

dose that permanent hair loss may occur

A

greater than 4000 cGy

32
Q

what are radiosensitizers

A

chemicals that enhance the lethal effects of radiation

33
Q

which cells are most radioresistant, well oxygenated cells or less oxygenated cells

A

less ocygenated cells AKA hypoxic cells