Chapter 3 IQ's

Question 1

1st trimester (date, events, problems)

Answer 1

• 0-12 weeks
• missed period, breast enlargement, abdominal thickening
• ectopic pregnancy, abnormal urine or blood tests, increased blood pressure, malnutrition, bleeding, miscarriage

Question 2

2nd trimester (date, events, problems)

Answer 2

• 12-24 weeks
• weight gain, “showing”, fetal movements felt, increased appetite
• gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain, increased blood pressure, Rh incompatibility of mother and fetus, miscarriage (13-20 weeks), premature labour (21+ weeks)

Question 3

3rd trimester (date, events, problems)

Answer 3

• 25-38 weeks
• weight gain, breast discharge (colostrum)
• increased blood pressure (toxemia), bleeding, premature labour, bladder infection

Question 4

womb

Answer 4

uterus; where zygote implants

Question 5

cervix

Answer 5

• narrow, lower portion of uterus that extends into vagina

- thickens and secretes mucus to protect the developing embryo

Question 6

morning sickness

Answer 6

Feelings of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that usually occur in the morning, but can occur at any time of day/night

Question 7

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 7

fertilized egg implants in fallopian tubes instead of uterus - baby won’t survive and zygote must be surgically removed for mother’s safety

Question 8

spontaneous abortion

Answer 8

an early-term miscarriage similar to a menstrual period, but with greater blood loss and more discomfort

Question 9

gestational diabetes

Answer 9

baby starts absorbing all the sugar and grows very large, putting a lot of stress on mother, which may send her into early labour. The baby may be born too premature to survive, or the baby may be too large for vaginal delivery

Question 10

colostrum

Answer 10

substance secreted by women’s breasts in preparation for nursing

Question 11

toxemia of pregnancy

Answer 11

signalled by a sudden increase in blood pressure that can cause a pregnant woman to have a stroke

Question 12

2 patterns of growth in developing fetus

Answer 12

• cephalocaudal pattern

- proximodistal pattern

Question 13

cephalocaudal pattern

Answer 13

• growth that proceeds from the head downward (“top-down”)
• applies to organ development
• ex. brain is formed before reproductive organs

Question 14

proximodistal pattern

Answer 14

• growth that proceeds from the middle of the body outward (“medial-lateral”)
• applies to bone development
• ex. long arm bones form, then wrist bones, then finger bones

Question 15

germinal stage (day 1)

Answer 15

• 1st stage of development (part 1)
• conception
• sperm and ovum unite, forming zygote that contains genetic instructions for the development of a new human being

Question 16

germinal stage (days 10-14)

Answer 16

• 1st stage of development (part 2)
• implantation
• zygote burrows into the lining of the uterus
• specialized cells that will become the placenta, umbilical cord, and embryo are already formed

Question 17

embryonic stage

Answer 17

• 2nd stage of development
• weeks 3-8
• organogenesis
• all the embryo’s organ systems form during the 6-week period following implantation

Question 18

fetal stage (also - what’s important at week 12, week 24, week 28, and weeks 30-38?)

Answer 18

• 3rd stage of development
• weeks 9-38
• growth and organ refinement
• week 12: fetus can be identified as male or female
• week 24: viability possible due to changes in brain and lungs (but an additional 14-16 weeks in womb required for optimal development)
• week 28: most neurons form, and connections between them develop shortly after
• week 30-38: fetus can hear, smell, is sensitive to touch, responds to light, and can learn

Question 19

implantation

Answer 19

attachment of the blastocyst (hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells) to uterine wall

Question 20

placenta

Answer 20

specialized organ that transfers substances from mother to embryo and back without their blood mixing

Question 21

umbilical cord

Answer 21

organ that connects embryo to placenta

Question 22

amnion

Answer 22

fluid-filled sac where the fetus floats until just before it’s born

Question 23

neurons

Answer 23

specialized cells of the nervous system

Question 24

gonads

Answer 24

sex glands (ovaries in females, testes in males)

Question 25

organogenesis

Answer 25

process of organ development

Question 26

viability

Answer 26

ability for fetus to survive outside womb

Question 27

how can a doctor determine if fetal brain development is normal?

Answer 27

through changes in fetal behaviour (ex. exhibiting alternating periods of activity and rest, beginning to yawn, etc.) which indicate that the process of neurons and synapse formation is proceeding normally

Question 28

what critical events occur around 4-8 weeks after conception?

Answer 28

• male embryo begins to secrete testosterone

- female embryo’s don’t secrete any equivalent hormone

Question 29

why is the embryotic secretion of testosterone critical?

Answer 29

• if testosterone isn’t secreted (or is inadequately secreted), embryo will be “demasculinized” and may develop female genetalia
• also, female embryos exposed to testosterone from drugs during this time can be “masculinized” and may develop male genetalia

Question 30

sex differences in skeletal development

Answer 30

• female fetuses more sensitive to external stimulation and advance more rapidly in skeletal development
• female infants are 1-2 weeks ahead in bone development at birth (even though boys are longer and heavier)
• female superiority in skeletal development persists throughout childhood and into early adolescence, causing girls to acquire coordinated motor movements earlier than boys

Question 31

prenatal problems male embryos are more vulnerable to

Answer 31

• spontaneously abortions

- variables like marijuana and stress, which may negatively affect their prenatal development

Question 32

neonate

Answer 32

baby between birth and 1 month of age

Question 33

apgar scale’s 5 aspects and its trends

Answer 33

• heart rate: trend = >100bpm
• respitory rate: trend = good cry and regular breathing
• muscle tone: trend = well-fixed extremities (not flaccid)
• response to stimulation of feet: trend = crying after feet are flicked
• colour: trend = completely pink

Question 34

why don’t newborns typically receive 10/10 on the apgar scale?

Answer 34

because although their bodies are pink, their extremities are usually still blue

Question 35

preterm

Answer 35

• born before the 38th week of gestation

- usually catch up to peers after 2-3 years (better outcome)

Question 36

small-for-date

Answer 36

• neonates that have suffered from retarded fetal growth

- often don’t catch up and suffer from severe developmental delays (worse outcome)

Question 37

what reduces respitory distress for neonates born more than six weeks early?

Answer 37

administering surfactant so that the neonate’s lungs can exchange O2 and CO2 into the blood

Question 38

low birth weight

Answer 38

• most LBW babies who weigh more than 1500 grams and aren’t small-for-date catch up with their normal peers in the first few years of life
• LBW babies below 1500 grams remain smaller than normal and have significantly higher rates of neonatal and long-term health problems and neurodevelopmental outcomes (ie. motor impairment, lower IQ scores, more problems in school, etc.)
• boys are more likely than girls to show effects of LBW