Chapter 3: Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 3: Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation Deck (51)
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1
Q

Topic Question

A

What is the genetic code?
What does the genetic code (DNA) do?
How does understanding genes help us understand variation?

2
Q

Tree of Life Diversity

A

Bacteria- largest diversity
Archaeo- ancient diversity
Metazoans (middle-life)- humans

3
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Metazoan cell with membrane bound organelles, nucleus
The “true nuts” (nucleus), 1.2 billion years old
Single celled organism and multi-celled
DNA controlled in membrane-bound nucleus
Mitochondria a prokaryote (endosymbiosis) have their own DNA and is a Alpha protea bacteria

4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

DNA distributed throughout cell, with lipid bi-layers

5
Q

Somatic Cells

A

cells part of a larger body of multi-cellular organisms like neurons, blood cells, plant cells, have full DNA

6
Q

Chloroplast

A

a cyanobacteria

7
Q

Gamete

A

23, restore meiosis with egg and sperm

8
Q

Chromosomes

A

linear molecules of DNA, found in nuclei “nuclear DNA”

9
Q

Mitochondrion

A

have their own DNA which is circular

10
Q

DNA Structure

A

Double Helix, a phosphate, 5 carbon sugars, nitrogen, these are nucleotides (building blocks)

11
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genetic information for an organism

12
Q

homoplasmic

A

all cells have same set of DNA, except red blood cells

13
Q

heteroplasmic

A

not same in every cell

14
Q

Matrineal v. Patrineal

A

traces DNA in mitochondria from dad or mom, use Y to trace ancestry

15
Q

paleogenetics

A

ancient genetics

16
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

copies are made through heating and cooling

17
Q

Nucleotide bases

A

A adenine
T Thymine
G guanine
C cytosine

18
Q

Nucleotide paring

A

AT, GC

19
Q

DNA Replication

A

DNA unravels, enzymes come along to make complimentary stands (free floating nucleotides)
For every 1000 base pairs, there is at least one mistake

20
Q

Replication

A

copying DNA prior to cell division, so each daughter cell receives full complement of DNA

21
Q

Mitosis

A

cellular and nuclear division to make 2 identical diploid daughter cells 2n to 2n

22
Q

Meiosis

A

2 stage cell/nuclear division to make haploid gametes, egg and sperm 2n to n (sex cells don’t receive full complement

23
Q

Chromosome Types

A
Homologous Pairs (same descent)
Autosomes (22 pairs)
Sex chromosomes (1 pair) x and y
Karyotype: set of all chromosomes
24
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Haploid: egg and sperm meet, sperm 1n and egg 1n create diploid zygote 2n
Zygote is fertilized egg of 2n and continues to divide through meiosis to make more gametes

25
Q

Meiosis II

A

division without replications from 2n to 1n (reduction division) = sex cells

26
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

mendelian’s peas and punnet square.

occurs when 2 chromosomes flip or exchange arms called crossing over

27
Q

Recombination

A

via crossing over is independent assortment, exchange of genetic material

28
Q

Translocations and nondisjunctions

A

Trisomy- 3 chromosomes together = Down’s Syndrom

Monosomy- 1 chromosome left alone = non fertile

29
Q

Crossing Over

A

homologues align, wrap, and exchange pieces

30
Q

Haplotypes

A

group of alleles often inherited together like blue yes and blonde hair

31
Q

Haplogroups

A

large sets of haplotypes

32
Q

Linkage

A

Close gene proximity = departure from independence (law of not quite independent assortment)

33
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyze chemical reactions (lactase)

34
Q

Structural Proteins

A

give structure and support to tissues (keratin)

35
Q

Gas transport proteins

A

Carry vital gases to tissues (hemoglobin)

36
Q

Antibodies

A

Part of immune system

37
Q

Hormones

A

regulate metabolism (insulin)

38
Q

Mechanical Proteins

A

specific work functions (actin-muscle contraction)

39
Q

Nutrients

A

Provide vital nutrients to tissues (ovalburim)

40
Q

Transcription

A

DNA transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus of the cell

41
Q

Translation

A

mRNA translated into amino acid chain (polypeptide) at the ribosomes (proteins phenotype, nucleic acid genotype)

42
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

uncontrolled bone growth (Lincoln)

43
Q

Regulatory Genes

A

On/Off like Chicken teeth, lactose intolerance and Marfan syndrome

44
Q

Homeotic Genes

A

Hox Genes are regulatory genes that appear in a row of DNA in clusters, from upstream to downstream
As they appear they regulate the formation of body parts from head (anterior) to tale (posterior)
Hox genes specify positional identity within an embryo of what kind of body part will develop

45
Q

Simple dominance

A

dominant trait R over little r

46
Q

Codominance

A

both alleles are equally dominant and are fully expressed, intermediate pink between red and white allelesl

47
Q

Blood pheno and genotypes

A

A - AO, AA
B - BO, BB
AB - AB
O - OO

48
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Many genes contribute to single effect like height, skin color, eye color

49
Q

Pleiotropic

A

One gene has multiple biological effects like sickle cell

50
Q

Epigenetics

A

heritable effects on gene expression due to smoking, alcohol, obesity, physical activity, cancer/disease

51
Q

Heritability

A

H^2= genetic variation / (gene variation + environmental variation)