Chapter 3 Experiments and Experimental Designs Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 3 Experiments and Experimental Designs Deck (25)
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1
Q

Asymmetrical Order Effect

A

Order effect that has greater strength in one particular order of conditions and where, therefore, counterbalancing would be ineffective

2
Q

Baseline Measure

A

Measure of what would occur if not experimental level of the independent variable were applied; how ‘untreated’ participants perform

3
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Variable that is uncontrolled and obscures the effect sought, varying with the independent variable in a systematic manner

4
Q

Control Group

A

Group used as a baseline measure against which the performance of the experimental group is assessed

5
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Half of the participants do conditions in a particular order and the other half take the conditions in the opposite order - this is done to balance possible order effects

6
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

Variable that is assumed to be directly affected by changes in the independent variable in an experiment

7
Q

Experiment

A

Design in which an independent variable is manipulated, all other variables controlled and a dependent variable is measure for changes caused by the independent variable

8
Q

Factorial Design

A

Experiment in which more than one independent variable is manipulated

9
Q

Independent Samples Design (independent groups/measures; between groups/subjects)

A

Each condition of the independent variables is experience by only one group of participants

10
Q

Matched Pairs Design

A

Each participant in one group/condition is paired on specific variable(s) with a participant in another group/condition

11
Q

Related Design

A

Design in which individual scores in one condition can be paired with individual scores in other conditions (repeated measures and matched pairs)

12
Q

Repeated Measures Design(within subjects/groups)

A

Each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable

13
Q

Single Participant Design

A

Design in which only one participant is tested in several trials at all independent variable levels

14
Q

Small N Design

A

Design in which there is only a small number of participants, typically in clinical or counselling work but also where participants need substantial training for a highly skilled task

15
Q

Unrelated Design

A

Design in which individual scores in one condition cannot be paired (or linked) in any way with individual scores in any other condition

16
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Anything other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable; it may or may not have been allowed for and/or controlled

17
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

Variable which experimenter manipulates in an experiment and which is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable

18
Q

Levels (of the IV)

A

The different values taken by the independent variable; often, the conditions of an experiment, e.g., levels of caffeine at 50mg, 100mg and 200mg in the investigation of memory recall

19
Q

Non-Equivalent Groups

A

A possible confounding variable where two or more groups in an independent samples design experiment differ on a skill or characteristic relevant to the dependent variable

20
Q

Order Effect

A

A confounding effect caused by experiencing one condition, then another, such as practice or fatigue

21
Q

Placebo Group

A

Group of participants who don’t receive the critical ‘treatment’ but everything else the experimental group receives; used in order to eliminate placebo effects - participants may perform differently simply because they think they have received an effective treatment

22
Q

Pre-Test

A

Measure of participants before an experiment in order to balance or compare groups, or to assess change by comparison with scores after the experiment

23
Q

Randomisation

A

Putting stimulus items or trial types into random order for the purpose of elimination of order effects

24
Q

Standardised (procedure)

A

Testing or measuring behaviour with exactly the same formalised routine for all participants

25
Q

Vignette

A

A story, scenario, or other description given to all participants but with certain details altered and this difference constitutes the random variable