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Flashcards in Chapter 3 Deck (37)
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1
Q

What makes something an organic compound?

What are macromolecules?

A

It contains carbon

Large organic molecules formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.

2
Q

A single bond allows for ______

A

Rotation

Double bonds have lack of movement

3
Q

What are hydro carbons?

How do they vary?

A

Consist of only carbon and hydrogen bonded in a non polar way.

Vary in lengthy, branching, number and position of double bonds and the presence of rings.

4
Q

Critically large important molecules of all living things fall into four main classes…..

Which are macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates (m)
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins(m)
  4. Nuclei acids (m)
5
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds that have the same umber of atoms of the same element but different structures hence different properties.

6
Q

Structural isomers

Cis isomers

Enantiomers

A

Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.

Isomers that are the Mirror image of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of the asymmetric carbon.

7
Q

Polymer

Monomer - how connected?

A

Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer. Connected by dehydration reaction

8
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions.

9
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule.

One molecule looses H, one loses OH.

10
Q

Monomers are deassembled by….

A

Hydrolysis- water breakage

Water comes in

11
Q

Carbohydrates def

A

A sugar (monosaccharides(monomer)) or one of its dimers (disaccharides, polysaccharides)

12
Q

Describe the three types of sugars

A

Mono-multiple of CH2O
Di-consists of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage for,ed by dehydration reaction.
Poly-a polymer of many monosaccharides formed by dehydration reaction.

13
Q

Lipids def

A

Any of a group of large biomolecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all with water.

Lipids are used for protection, energy storage and insulation

14
Q

What is fat

A

Lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.

15
Q

What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated: A fatty acid in which all carbon in hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds. At room temp is solid, molecules packed tightly.

Unsaturated: fatty acid that has one or more double bonds, reduced the number of H atoms attached to carbon skeleton. Molecules are more free at room temp, because they can’t become packed with double bond.

16
Q

In carbs starch is used for____ and cellulose is used for____

A

Storage of carbs

Ridged plant cell walls

17
Q

Phospholipids def

A

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as non polar, hydrophobic tails while the rest of the ,molecule is polar and hydrophilic. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

18
Q

Steroids def

A

A type of lips characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached. Steroids are highly concentrated energy stores.

19
Q

What are proteins built from what is the bond between them called

A

20 amino acids

Peptide bond

20
Q

Polypeptide def

A

A polymer of many amino acids liked together by peptide bonds

21
Q

Protein def

A

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure.

22
Q

Amino acid def

A

An organic molecule possessing both a carbonyl and an amino group. Serve as monomers for polypeptides. Has r group or side chain that differ with each acid. Amino group connects to the carbonyl group of another acid through dehydration reaction.

23
Q

Describe the characteristics of non polar, polar and charged amino acids

A

Non: lots of CH3, H
Polar: OH, NH2
Charged: acidic:O-, basic: NH3+, NH2+, NH+

24
Q

At the end of a polypeptide there is an amino end and a carbonyl end known as?

A

Amino- N terminus

Carbonyl-C terminus

25
Q

Proteins fold into two types of shapes. What are they?

A

Globular- spherical

Fibrous- Long fibres

26
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

27
Q

Describe primary

A

Linear chain of amino acids

28
Q

Describe secondary

A

Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.

Localized coils and folds

29
Q

Describe tertiary

A

3d shape stabilized by interactions between side chains.

Overall shape of polypeptide

Hydrophobic interactions: a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.

30
Q

Describe quaternary

A

Association of two or more polypeptides. It is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide subunits.

31
Q

Disulphide bridges

A

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

Results in reinforcement shape of protein.

32
Q

Denaturation

A

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to destruction of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming inactive.

Ex: egg becomes white and solid when cooked. Proteins unfold and pack together in lines.

33
Q

Nucleic acid

A

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and through the actions of proteins m for all cellular activists . Two types- DNA, RNA

34
Q

DNA

A

A nucleic acid with a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base A,G,T,C capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cells protein.

Two sugar-phosphate backbones that run in opposite 5’-3’ directions. Held by hydrogen bonds between base pairs

35
Q

RNA

A

A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous Bases A,C,G,U, usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis and gene regulation.

36
Q

Nucleotide

A

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and 1-3 phosphate groups.

37
Q

Pyrimidine and purine

A

Pyrimidine: 1 six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. -cytosine, thymine and uracil

Purine: larger, with a six membered ring fused to a 5- membered ring-adenine and guanine.