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0
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate forms of a gene. Occur at the same locus on paired chromosomes and this govern the same trait, but because they’re different, their action may result on different expressions of that trait.

1
Q

DNA

A

The double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. DNS is a main component of chromosomes.

2
Q

Cells

A

A complex unit of protoplasm, usually with a nucleus, cytoplasm, and an enclosing membrane. Carrys out all functions

3
Q

Nucleus

A

A large structure found in all eukaryotic cells. Contains al the chromosomes and is enclosed by a nuclear membrane

4
Q

DNA

A

A large organic molecule that stores the genetic code for the synthesis of proteins. Each chromosome consist mostly of a DNA molecules. Segments of dynamic corrrespond to specific genes. Double helix shaped

5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All of the material within a cell bettered the nuclear and cell membranes. Consists of semi fluid water rich viscous gel and contains numerous specialized structures or organelles involved with cell function

6
Q

X chromosome

A

Xx= female (sex chromosome)

7
Q

Y chromosome

A

Xy= male chromosomes

8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small structures usually near the surface of endoplasmic reticular in the cytoplasm of cells. Sites here proteins are assembled.

9
Q

Sex chromosome

A

The x and u chromosomes which are responsible for determining whether an individual is a male or female

10
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells involved in reproduction. Produced by meiosis. Are egg/sperm cells. Forms a zygote when combined with a sex cell

11
Q

Somatic cells

A

All the cells in the body except those directly involved with reproduction. Reproduce by mitosis and have a diploid number of chromosomes

12
Q

Nucleotide

A

The basic building block of a nucleus acid/ DNA molecule

13
Q

Meiosis

A

Involved in the production of sex/gametes cells. Specialized in ovaries and testes. Involved in two division and results in four daughter cells, each only containing only half the original number if chromosomes.

14
Q

Double helix

A

The twisted ladder shape that is characteristic of DNA molecules

15
Q

Uracil

A

One of the four nucleobases in the nucleus acid of RNA

16
Q

Adenine

A

A nucleobase which dictated cellular respiration and involved in protein synthesis

17
Q

Thymine

A

A nucleobase that paired with adenine in DNA sequences and is replaced by uracil in mRNA

18
Q

Guanine

A

One of the four nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

19
Q

Cytosine

A

A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine I double stranded DNA

20
Q

Transcription

A

The process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic info stored in a DNA strain into a complementary strand of RNA

21
Q

tRNA

A

A form of RNA that binds to specific amino acid molecules and transports them to the ribosomes for the assembly of proteins. Temporarily bond with corresponding messenger RNA condons at the ribosomes in the process of protein synthesis

22
Q

mRNA

A

A very short form of RNA that carries a copy of a specific sequence of genetic info from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where it is translated in order to synthesize a protein. Assemble in on one strand of a DNA molecule

23
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic molecules that are the building Blocks of proteins. At least 20 diff kinds. Composed of different combos of amino acids assembled in chain like molecules. Composed of carbon oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen

24
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

The RNA molecules that are located in the ribosomes

25
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA molecule that code for a specific type of amino acid that will be use in the synthesis of a protein

26
Q

Gene

A

Inheritance usually occurring at specific locations or loci on a chromosome. A sequence d DNA bases that specify the order of amino acids in a protein

27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

28
Q

Genome

A

The full genetic complement of an individual.

29
Q

Trisomy

A

The prescience of an extra chromosome in cells. Can lead to Down syndrome

30
Q

Allele

A

Alternate forms of a gene

31
Q

Locus

A

The position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs.

32
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

A severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. Results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele

33
Q

Point mutation

A

A change in one of the four DNA bases/ important in new genetic variation in populations

34
Q

Human chromosome numbers

A

Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosome for a total of 46

35
Q

Proteins

A

Any of large number of organic molecules that are compose of one or more chains of amino acids. Able to bind to other molecules. Transport molecules in blood, structural components, enzymes hormones antibodies or neurotransmitter a

36
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

37
Q

Karyotypes

A

A standardized arrangement of picture of an individuals chromosomes. Used to identify Ingrid’s chromosome abnormalities are present

38
Q

Mitosis

A

The simple cell division that occurs I somatic cells. One cell divided in two offspring cells that are identical to each other in their chromosome complement.

39
Q

Cell replacement

A

Used for treatment for a wide range of debilitating diseases

40
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis. Results in sperm and ova with greater genetic diversity due to a recombination of genes

41
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that are paired during meiosis.

42
Q

Reduction division

A

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms.

43
Q

Non disjunction

A

The failure of sister chromatids to deprecate during and after mitosis. (In meiosis it is the failure of homologous chromosomes to segregate or to separate during and after meiosis.

44
Q

Recombination

A

The creation of new combination of genes on a chromosome that results from crossing over

45
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

A biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating 1000s to 10000s of copies of a particular DNA sequence

46
Q

Trisomies

A

An abnormal condition where there are three copies in stead of two, of a particular chromosome within a cell

47
Q

Human genome project

A

A multinational research effort designed to identify and map the location of all human genes