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A&P 507 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Histones are found in

 1. proteasomes.
 2. lysosomes.
 3. vesicles.
 4. endosomes.
 5. nucleosomes.
A
  1. nucleosomes
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2
Q

Most of a cell’s DNA is located in its

 1. Golgi apparatus.
 2. lysosomes.
 3. ribosomes.
 4. nucleolus.
 5. nucleus.
A
  1. nucleus
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3
Q 
The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are
	 ribosomes.
	 RNA.
	 chromosomes.
	 codons.
	 genes.
A

genes

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4
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by the ________.

A

nuclear envelope

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5
Q 
DNA \_\_\_\_\_.
         contains uracil
	 is processed to remove introns
	 is non-complementary
	 is transcribed into RNA
A

is transcribed into RNA

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6
Q 
The set of three nucleotides on the mRNA strand that are read by the ribosome is termed the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 "codon"
	 "tRNA"
	 "anti-codon"
	 "triplet"
A

codon

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7
Q 
Which enzyme transcribes DNA?
	 DNA transcriptase
	 RNA polymerase
	 DNA polymerase
	 RNA reductase
A

RNA polymerase

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8
Q 
Transcription directly results in the formation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 DNA
	 messenger RNA
	 histones
	 All of these
A

messenger RNA

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9
Q

A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, it

  1. is malformed.
  2. can only divide once more.
  3. can repair itself readily.
  4. cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.
  5. will be a long-lived cell.
A
  1. cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.
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10
Q 
The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called
	 replication.
	 auscultation.
	 translation.
	 transcription.
	 mitosis.
A

translation

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11
Q 
The anticodon for the triplet UCA is
	 AGC.
	 AGT.
	 TGT.
	 AGU.
	 TCA.
A

AGU

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12
Q

Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be

  1. edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm.
  2. coated with phospholipids for transport out of the nucleus.
  3. edited to remove introns.
  4. transported into the cytoplasm.
  5. edited to remove exons.
A
  1. edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm.
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13
Q 
The molecule that brings the proper amino acid into place at the ribosome for the elongation of a new protein is called
	 ATP.
	 mRNA.
	 Na-K.
	 tRNA.
	 rRNA.
A

tRNA

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14
Q 
Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA?
	 guanine
	 thymine is not replaced in RNA
	 uracil
	 cytosine
	 ribose
A

uracil

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15
Q

The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________ .

1. reproduction, duplication, initiation
2. replication, transcription, translation
    3. mitosis, duplication, protein synthesis
4. replication, translation, transcription
5. interphase, replication, active transport
A
  1. replication, transcription, translation
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16
Q

Ribosomes are composed of protein and ________.

A

RNA

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17
Q

The enzyme ________ is required for the synthesis of mRNA.

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

The start of each gene begins with a ________ segment.

A

promoter

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19
Q

Permanent alterations in a cell’s DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes are called ________.

A

mutations

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20
Q

Which of the following best explains diffusion?

  1. movement of molecules from where there are fewer of them to where there are more
  2. movement of molecules farther away from equilibrium
  3. movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  4. exchange of nonpolar molecules for polar molecules
A
  1. movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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21
Q 
Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?
	 CO2
	 Na+
	 O2
	 small lipids
A

Na+

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22
Q

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

1. In simple diffusion, molecules move down the concentration gradient but in facilitated diffusion molecules move up the concentration gradient.
2. In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.
3. Simple diffusion requires molecules to move through special doorways in the cell membrane.
4. Simple diffusion is passive but facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses energy.
A
  1. In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.
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23
Q 
Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?
	 small molecule size
	 small concentration gradient
	 higher concentration of molecules
	 high temperature
A

small concentration gradient

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24
Q 
Which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur?
	 water
	 concentration gradient
	 energy
	 selectively permeable membrane
A

energy

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25
Q 
Which of the following solutions contains the most solute?
	 hypotonic
	 hypertonic
	 equilibrium
	 isotonic
A

hypertonic

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26
Q

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?

  1. intracellular and extracellular should both be hypertonic
  2. intracellular should be hypotonic to extracellular
  3. intracellular should be hypertonic to extracellular
  4. isotonic to each other
A

isotonic to each other

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27
Q

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person’s cells?

1. The cells will swell.
2. The cells will lose water and shrink.
3. Extracellular fluids do not impact cell size, because cells contain intracellular fluid.
4. The cells will rupture.
A
  1. The cells will lose water and shrink.
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28
Q

A primary active transport process is one in which __________.

a. molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP
b. the plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle containing extracellular material
c. molecules move across the plasma membrane without an input of energy
d. molecules pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
e. an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid
A

a. molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

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29
Q 
Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as \_\_\_\_\_.
	 exocytosis
	 simple diffusion
	 facilitated diffusion
	 active transport
	 endocytosis
A

facilitated diffusion

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30
Q

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.
active transport
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
a process that requires energy from the cell
cotransport

A

facilitated diffusion

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31
Q 
The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes \_\_\_\_\_.
	 facilitated diffusion
	 simple diffusion
	 primary active transport
	 secondary active transport
	 exocytosis
A

primary active transport

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32
Q 
A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes \_\_\_\_\_.
	 simple diffusion
	 active transport
	 endocytosis
	 facilitated diffusion
	 exocytosis
A

exocytosis

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33
Q

Of the three major fluid compartments in the body, what is the fluid that surrounds the cells called?
intracellular fluid
interstitial fluid
plasma

A

interstitial fluid

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34
Q 
Which of the following is the major extracellular cation?
	 calcium
	 sodium
	 potassium
	 magnesium
A

sodium

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35
Q 
Phosphates are abundant in the intracellular fluid. What is the other major intracellular anion?
	 proteins
	 potassium
	 chloride
	 bicarbonate
A

proteins

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36
Q

The Na+-K+ ATPase pump is important for secondary active transport of other solutes. How does this pump work to bring in other solutes?

1. K+ is pumped out of the cell, creating a lower K+ concentration inside the cell.
2. Na+ is pumped into the cell, creating a lower concentration of Na+ outside the cell.
3. Na+ is pumped out of the cell, creating a lower Na+ concentration inside the cell.
A
  1. Na+ is pumped out of the cell, creating a lower Na+ concentration inside the cell.
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37
Q

If more solute particles are added to the right side of a beaker with a selectively permeable membrane (thus the particles cannot move to the left side), which way will the water in the beaker move, and why will it move in that direction?

a. Water will move to the right side of the beaker because the right side is hypertonic compared to the left side.
b. Water will move to the left side of the beaker because the left side is hypotonic compared to the right side.
c. Water will move to the right side of the beaker because it is hypotonic compared to the left side.
A

a. Water will move to the right side of the beaker because the right side is hypertonic

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38
Q

What happens to a patient’s red blood cells when a hypotonic solution is given?
The red blood cells will crenate.
The red blood cells would expand and eventually hemolysis would result.
The red blood cells would stay the same size.

A

The red blood cells would expand and eventually hemolysis would result.

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39
Q 
Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following, except
	 hydrolysis of ATP.
	 the charge on the ion.
	 lipid solubility.
	 the presence of the membrane channels.
	 concentration gradient.
A

hydrolysis of ATP.

40
Q

Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through
peripheral carbohydrates.
defects in the lipid layer of the membrane.
channels formed by integral proteins.
lipid channels.
peripheral proteins.

A

channels formed by integral proteins.

41
Q 
A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called
	 hypertonic.
	 homotonic.
	 merotonic.
	 hypotonic.
	 isotonic.
A

hypotonic

42
Q

Which statement best describes osmosis?

1. active transport of water across the cell membrane
2. random movement of water due to kinetic energy
3. diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration
4. diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
5. movement of water into a solute
A
  1. diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
43
Q

Osmotic pressure

a. increases as solute concentration increases.
b. forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration.
c. forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane.
d. can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure.
e. All the answers are correct.
A

a. increases as solute concentration increases.

44
Q 
Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into
	 hypertonic solution.
	 homotonic solution.
	 hypotonic solution.
	 isotonic solution.
	 merotonic solution.
A

hypotonic solution

45
Q 
Red blood cell shrinkage is to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as cell bursting is to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 isotonic; hypotonic
	 crenation; hemolysis
	 lysis; crenation
	 isotonic; hypertonic
	 hypotonic; isotonic
A

crenation; hemolysis

46
Q 
There is a direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its ability to
	 dissolve in lipids.
	 dissolve in water.
	 bind to proteins.
	 interact with carbohydrates.
	 bind to DNA.
A

dissolve in lipids.

47
Q

The ________ of a membrane indicates how easy it is for substances to cross.

A

permeability

48
Q 
Passive movement of a solute by a carrier protein is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 facilitated diffusion
	 simple diffusion
	 active transport
	 sodium-potassium exchange
A

facilitated diffusion

49
Q

Carriers transport solutes across the plasma membrane by __________.

1. opening channel gates that allow solutes to pass
2. forming a pore in the membrane, which allows solutes to pass through
3. changing shape as the solutes bind, causing the solutes to move across the membrane
4. making solutes more soluble in the plasma membrane
A
  1. changing shape as the solutes bind, causing the solutes to move across the membrane
50
Q

\Which of the following conditions would cause (net) glucose to be transported into a cell via facilitated diffusion? Assume ATP is present inside the cell.

a. 5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid
b. 5.5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5.5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid
c. 5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 0.5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid
d. 0.5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid
A

d. 0.5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid

51
Q

What is the normal direction of calcium transport via the calcium pump?

1. into the cell, with the calcium concentration gradient
2. out of the cell, with the calcium concentration gradient
3. into the cell, against the calcium concentration gradient
4. out of the cell, against its concentration gradient
A
  1. out of the cell, against its concentration gradient
52
Q 
What is the energy source used by the calcium pump during its normal operation?
	 the calcium concentration gradient
	 the calcium pump
	 the hydrolysis of ATP
	 the ATP concentration gradient
A

the hydrolysis of ATP

53
Q

What concentration gradients are established and maintained by the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

1. high Na+ concentration in the cytoplasm; high K+ concentration in the extracellular fluid
2. high Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm
3. high Na+ and K+ concentrations in the extracellular fluid
4. high Na+ and K+ concentrations in the cytoplasm
A
  1. high Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm
54
Q

Which of the following occurs during a single cycle of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?
Three Na+ ions are transported out of the cell.
Two K+ ions are transported out of the cell.
Three K+ ions are transported into the cell.
Three Na+ ions are transported into the cell.

A

Three Na+ ions are transported out of the cell.

55
Q

The hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) increases the pumping rate of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in skeletal muscles. How would you expect this to affect the concentration of Na+ and K+ in the muscle cytoplasm?

1. The Na+ concentration would increase and the K+ concentration would decrease.
2. The Na+ and K+ concentrations would both decrease.
3. The Na+ concentration would decrease and the K+ concentration would increase.
4. The Na+ and K+ concentrations would both increase.
A
  1. The Na+ concentration would decrease and the K+ concentration would increase.
56
Q

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport mechanisms?

1. Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes with their concentration gradients. Passive mechanisms move solutes against their concentration gradients.
2. Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients. Passive mechanism move solutes with their concentration gradients.
3. Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes out of the cell. Passive mechanisms move solutes into the cell.
4. Active mechanisms use the energy stored in a solute's concentration gradient. Passive mechanisms do not use energy.
A
  1. Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients. Passive mechanism move solutes with their concentration gradients.
57
Q 
Which of these vesicular transport methods expels material from the cell?
	 receptor-mediated endocytosis
	 pinocytosis
	 exocytosis
	 phagocytosis
A

exocytosis

58
Q 
Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that facilitated diffusion \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 requires a protein carrier
	 is an ion pump
	 doesn't need a gradient
	 needs ATP
A

requires a protein carrier

59
Q

Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that

1. the rate of molecular movement is not limited by the number of available carrier molecules.
2. facilitated diffusion never eliminates the concentration gradient.
3. facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
4. facilitated diffusion consumes no ATP.
5. the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules.
A
  1. the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules.
60
Q

Two types of vesicular transport include

1. pinocytosis and active transport.
2. exocytosis and retrocytosis.
3. endocytosis and exocytosis.
4. passive diffusion and active diffusion.
5. endocytosis and retrocytosis.
A
  1. endocytosis and exocytosis.
61
Q 
The principal cations in our body fluids are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 chloride; bicarbonate
	 sodium; chloride
	 sodium; calcium
	 calcium; magnesium
	 sodium; potassium
A

sodium; potassium

62
Q 
In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ions from the cell and imports \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ions.
	 potassium; sodium
	 sodium; potassium
	 calcium; sodium
	 sodium; calcium
	 potassium; calcium
A

sodium; potassium

63
Q 
A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates
	 receptor-mediated endocytosis.
	 pinocytosis.
	 endocytosis.
	 exocytosis.
	 phagocytosis.
A

phagocytosis.

64
Q

________ channels can open or close to regulate the passage of materials through the cell membrane.

A

Gated

65
Q

Membrane-bound proteins that use metabolic energy to move ions across the plasmalemma are called ________.

A

?

66
Q 
The cell's transmembrane resting potential was created by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 active transport
	 vesicular transport
	 facilitated diffusion
	 osmosis
A

active transport

67
Q

Whenever positive and negative ions have been separated, a(n) ________ will be produced.

A

potential difference

68
Q

The potential difference across the cell membrane is known as the ________.

A

transmembrane potential

69
Q

The transmembrane potential in an undisturbed cell is called its ________.

A

resting potential

70
Q

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A 
interphase
early prophase
late prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
71
Q 
Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase?
	 G1, prophase, and S
	 G1, S, and G2
	 Prophase, metaphase, telophase
	 S, cytokinesis, mitosis
A

G1, S, and G2

72
Q

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis?

1. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis
2. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
3. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
4. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
A
  1. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
73
Q 
During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur?
	 cytokinesis
	 prophase
	 Synthesis
	 mitosis
A

Synthesis (S-phase)

74
Q 
During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?
	 interphase
	 metaphase
	 prophase
	 anaphase
A

prophase

75
Q 
Which of the following builds new strands of DNA?
	 DNA helicase
	 the replication fork
	 the lagging strand of DNA
	 DNA polymerase
	 the leading strand of DNA
A

DNA polymerase

76
Q

Which statement best describes strand characteristics as it relates to DNA replication?

1. The lagging strand is built continuously, and the leading strand is built in pieces.
2. The leading and lagging strands are both built in fragments.
3. The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.
4. The leading and lagging strands are both built continuously.
A
  1. The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.
77
Q 
During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the original or parental DNA strand?
	 T
	 U
	 G
	 C
	 A
A

T

78
Q 
Which protein joins together the Okazaki fragments of DNA in the lagging strand?
	 the replication fork
	 DNA ligase
	 the leading strand
	 RNA
	 DNA polymerase
A

DNA ligase

79
Q

Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?

1. DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.
2. The lagging strand is made of a series of fragments that must be joined together to make a continuous strand.
3. Because the two strands of original or parental DNA run in opposite directions, the new strands must be made in different ways.
4. DNA polymerase III builds a new strand by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time.
5. The two strands of original or parental DNA are separated during DNA replication.
A
  1. DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.
80
Q 
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?
	 Metaphase
	 Interphase
	 Anaphase
	 Prophase
A

Interphase

81
Q 
When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 chromatids
	 telomeres
	 chromosomes
	 centromeres
A

chromatids

82
Q 
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?
	 Anaphase
	 Metaphase
	 Prophase
	 Telophase
A

Metaphase

83
Q 
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?
	 Metaphase
	 Telophase
	 Anaphase
	 Prophase
A

Anaphase

84
Q 
During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?
	 Telophase
	 Prophase
	 Metaphase
	 Anaphase
A

Telophase

85
Q 
During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?
	 Metaphase
	 Prophase
	 Telophase
	 Anaphase
A

Prophase

86
Q 
What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?
	 Microtubule shortening
	 Cytoplasmic streaming
	 Cytokinesis
	 Segregation
A

Cytokinesis

87
Q 
Which enzyme works simultaneously along both DNA strands to synthesize complementary strands of DNA?
	 RNA polymerase
	 DNA polymerase
	 Topoisomerase
	 Ligase
A

DNA polymerase

88
Q 
Which phase of mitosis has chromosomes lining up in the center of the cell?
	 Cytokinesis
	 Anaphase
	 Prophase
	 Metaphase
A

Metaphase

89
Q

If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could not
form complementary sequences of DNA.
link segments of DNA together.
form spindle fibers.
form a new nuclear membrane during telophase.
form protein.

A

form complementary sequences of DNA.

90
Q 
When is DNA replicated?
	 interkinesis
	 telophase
	 metaphase
	 anaphase
	 interphase
A

interphase

91
Q 
The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called
	 telophase.
	 interphase.
	 prophase.
	 anaphase.
	 metaphase.
A

interphase.

92
Q

During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has

1. twice as many chromosomes as the original cell.
2. the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
3. half as many chromosomes as the original cell.
4. a different number of chromosomes than the original cell.
5. a lesser number of chromosomes than the original cell.
A
  1. the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
93
Q

The correct order of phases in cell division is:

1. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
2. telophase, anaphase, metaphase, interphase, prophase
3. metaphase, anaphase, interphase, prophase, telophase
4. prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
5. interphase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
A
  1. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
94
Q

Nuclear division of somatic cells is known as ________.

A

mitosis

95
Q 
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells are never \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 misshapen
	 benign
	 very small
	 very large
A

benign

96
Q 
Differentiation requires \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of particular genes to produce populations with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ capabilities that form tissues.
	 activation; unlimited
	 inactivation; limited
	 inactivation; unlimited
	 activation; limited
A

inactivation; limited

97
Q

The enzyme ________ is required for the synthesis of mRNA.

A

RNA polymerase

A&P 507 (12 decks)

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