Chapter 29: The Senses Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 29: The Senses Deck (52)
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1
Q

Sensory Receptor Cells

A

Detect internal/external stimuli

  • located in sense organs
  • all nerve impulses are the same, identical
2
Q

Sensation

A

Awareness of a sensory stimulus

- results when brain integrates new info

3
Q

Perception

A

More meaningful interpretations and understanding of sensory information

  • brain integrates new info w/ previous experiences
  • combination of different senses
4
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

When receptor cells convert stimulus into a nerve impulse

  • occurs in plasma membrane of receptor cells
  • permeability changes (gated ion channels open)
5
Q

Receptor Potential

A

Electrical signal produced by sensory transduction, similar to action potential

  • not an all or none effect (stronger stimulus, stronger receptor potential)
  • receptor cell synapses w/ sensory neurons –> brain
6
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Tendency of sensory receptors to become less receptive if there’s too much stimulus
- prevents brain from reacting to normal, useless background info

7
Q

What are the five sensory receptors?

A

1) Pain Receptors
2) Thermoreceptors
3) Mechanoreceptors
4) Chemoreceptors
5) Electromagnetic Receptors

8
Q

Pain Receptors

A

Aware of injury/disease

  • indicate danger to increase survival
  • entire body is filled w/ these but brain
9
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect heat/cold, monitor temperature of blood

  • in vital organs
  • hypothalamus is the body’s major thermostat
10
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Various forms of energy (stretch, motion, sound, pressure, etc)
- inside muscles, ears

11
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensitive to chemical stimulation

  • nose & tongue
  • respond to chemicals dissolved in fluids
  • best sense is moths
12
Q

Electromagnetic Receptors

A

Sensitive to energy of various wavelengths (magnetism, light)
- photoreceptors are most common and detect light waves from electromagnetic spectrum

13
Q

What are the three types of photoreceptors?

A

1) Eye cups
2) Compound Eyes
3) Single Lens Eyes

14
Q

Eye cups

A

Found in planar

- detect intensity/direction of light and goes away from light

15
Q

Compound Eyes

A

Many tiny light detecting units

  • Ommatidia = 1 lens, 1 cornea
  • Extremely acute motion detectors, excellent color vision
16
Q

Single Lens Eyes

A

Light enters thru small opening in eyes, regulated by structure (camera type eye)

17
Q

Stretch Receptor

A

a type of mechanoreceptor sensitive to changes in muscle length; detects the position of body parts

18
Q

Hair Cells

A

a type of mechanoreceptor that detects sound waves and other forms of movement in air or water (Cilia or Microvilli)

19
Q

Sclera

A

Tough white coating of eye (outermost)

20
Q

Cornea

A

Anterior, curved, clear part of sclera

- first structure to focus light

21
Q

Conjuctiva

A

Thin mucus membrane on cornea

22
Q

Choroid Coat

A

Darkly colored –> absorb light

- right w/ blood vessels

23
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Smooth muscle, where sclera becomes cornea

- attached to lens by suspensionary ligaments to help focus light by contracting

24
Q

Lens

A

Elastic, biconvex (curves out on both sides)

- positioned behind pupil, surrounded by iris

25
Q

Iris

A

Ring of pigmented tissue, regulates size of pupil

26
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

Watery fluid between cornea and lens to provide nutrients

27
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Jelly like fluid in chamber behind lens, helps keep shape

28
Q

Retina

A

Contains photoreceptor cells (stimulus transducers)

- rods and cons

29
Q

Rods (rhodopsin)

A

Absorb dim light –> black and white image

30
Q

Cons (photopsin)

A

Absorb bright light –> colored center

31
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Carries impulses to brain, blind spot

32
Q

Fovea

A

an eye’s center of focus and the place on the retina where the receptors are highly kind

33
Q

Blind Spot

A

the place on the retina of the vertebrate eye where the optic nerve passes through the eyeball and where there are no photoreceptor cells

34
Q

Accommodation

A

the automatic changes made by the eye as it focuses on near objects

35
Q

Visual Acuity

A

the ability of the eyes to distinguish fine detail

36
Q

Nearsightedness

A

an inability to focus on distant objects; occurs when the eyeball is longer than normal and the lens focuses distant objects in front of the retina. Also called myopia.

37
Q

Farsightedness

A

an inability to focus on close objects; occurs when the eyeball is shorter than normal and the focal point of the lens is behind the retina. Also called hyperopia

38
Q

Astigmatism

A

blurred vision caused by a misshapen lens or cornea

39
Q

What are the 3 regions of the human ear?

A

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

40
Q

Outer Ear

A

one of three main regions of the ear in reptiles, birds, and mammals; made up of the auditory canal, and in many birds and mammals the pinna

41
Q

Pinna

A

the flaplike part of the outer ear, projecting from the body surface of many birds and mammals; collects sound waves and channels them to the auditory canal

42
Q

Auditory Canal

A

part of the vertebrate outer ear that channels sound waves from the pinna or outer body surface to the eardrum

43
Q

Eardrum

A

a sheet of connective tissue separating the outer ear from the middle ear that vibrates when stimulated by sound waves and passes the waves to the middle ear

44
Q

Middle Ear

A

one of three regions of the vertebrate ear; a chamber containing three small bones (the hammer, anvil, and stirrup), which convey vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window

45
Q

Oval Window

A

in the vertebrate ear, a membrane-covered gap in the skull bone, through which sound waves pass from the middle ear into the inner ear

46
Q

Eustachian tube

A

an air passage between the middle ear and throat of vertebrates, that equalizes air pressure on either side of the eardrum

47
Q

Inner Ear

A

one of three main regions of the vertebrate ear; includes the cochlea, organ of Corti, and semicircular canals

48
Q

Cochlea

A

a coiled tube in the inner ear of birds and mammals that contains the hearing organ, the organ of Corti

49
Q

Organ of Corti

A

the hearing organ in birds and mammals, located within the cochlea

50
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

fluid filled channels in the inner ear that detect changes in the head’s rate of rotation or angular movement

51
Q

Utricle

A

a fluid-filled inner ear chamber containing hair cells that detect the position of the head relative to gravity

52
Q

Sccule

A

a fluid filled inner ear chamber containing hair cells that detect the position of the head relative to gravity