Essential nutrients
Chemicals that must be ingested, body cannot manufacture adequate amount
Nutrients
Chemicals taken into the body used to produce energy, building blocks for new molecules and chemical reactions
Calorie
Energy necessary to raise temp of 1 gram of water 1* c
Kilocalorie
1000 calories. Express amounts of energy supplies by food through metabolism
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (mostly plants and some lactose)
Fructose
Fruit sugar
Complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides; starch, glycogen, cellulose
Glycogen
Energy storage molecule in animals located primarily in muscle and liver
Cellulose
Forms plant walls
Starch
Vegetables, fruits, grains
Triglycerides
95% lipids in body. Saturated, unsaturated, monosaturated, polyunsaturated fats and oils. Skeletal muscle energy
Saturated fats
Single covalent bond. Fats of meat and dairy, eggs, coconut oil, Palm oil
Unsaturated fats
One or more double covalent bond. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
Monounsaturated fats
One double bond. Olive and peanut oil
Polyunsaturated fats
Two or more double bonds. Fish, safflower, sunflower and corn oil
Lecithin
Lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids. Body manufactures all needed
Cholesterol
Steroid in liver, egg yolks, while milk, cheese, butter, meats. Not in plants. Used for bike salts and hormones
Phospholipids
Major component of plasma membranes, egg yolks. Construct myelin sheath and in bile
Alpha-linolenic acid
Omega 3 fatty acid. Essential. Green leaves, seeds nuts legumes
Linoleic acid
Omega 6 fatty acid. Essential. Grains
Proteins
Chains of amino acids. 20 kinds in body.
Complete protein foods
Meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese, eggs
Incomplete protein foods
Leafy green, vegetables, grains, legumes
Protein uses
Collagen, keratin, actin, myosin, help blood prevent pH change, clotting, transport oxygen, energy
Recommended protein consumption
10- 35% kilocalorie
Vitamins
Organic molecules that exist in minute quantities in food and are essential to normal metabolism
Provitamins
Part of a vitamin that the body can assemble or modify into a functional vitamin
Coenzymes
Vitamins - combine with enzymes to function
Fat soluble vitamins
Can be stored (toxic) A, D, E, K
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients necessary for metabolic functions
Major minerals
Daily requirement 100 mg
Trace minerals
Less than 100mg per day
Mineral functions
4-5% body weight. Resting membrane potentials, action potential, mechanical strength
Free radicals
Molecules, produced by normal metabolism that are missing an electron (oxidation)
Antioxidant
Provitamin A, vitamin c and e. Donate electron to free radicals preventing oxidation
Reference daily intakes
- Vitamins and minerals.
Daily reference values
Total fat, saturated fat, chi sterol, carbohydrate, fiber, sodium, potassium, protein
Metabolism
Total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Catabolism
Energy releasing process. Large molecules broken down into smaller ones
Anabolism
Small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
Glycogen
Short-term energy storage molecule. Limited. Skeletal muscle and liver.
Glycolysis
Carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose breaks down into two pyruvic acid molecules
Glycolysis phases
Input of ATP.
Sugar cleavage
NADH production
ATP and pyruvic acid production
Lactic acid fermentation
A form of anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen (makes 2 lactic acid and 2 ATP) intense exercise
Lactic acid fermentation phases
Glycolysis
Lactic acid formation
Cori cycle
Process of converting lactic acid to glucose
Aerobic respiration
Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. Water, 36 ATP molecules
Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) steps
ATP production
NADH and FADH2 production
Carbon dioxide production
Electron-transport chain
Fourth phase of aerobic respiration
Free fatty acids
Between meals triglycerides are broken down, some are released into blood. Used by liver and skeletal muscle
Beta-oxidation
Metabolism of fatty acids
Ketogenesis
Formation of ketone bodies.
Ketosis
Too many ketone bodies cause decrease blood pH. Starvation, specific diets, untreated diabetes mellitus.
Absorptive state
Period immediately after a meal, nutrients are being absorbed. 4 hours long.
Postabsorptive state
In between meals. Blood glucose levels are maintained by conversion of other molecules to glucose
Metabolic rate
Total amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit of time
BMR
Basal metabolic rate. Energy needed to keep resting body functional.
Thermic effect of food
Second component of metabolic energy is assimilation of food.
Muscular activity
30% of bodies energy
Free energy
Total amount of energy liberated by the complete catabolism of food.
Hyperplastic obesity
Adipocytes are both more numerous and larger than normal. Children
Hypertrophic obesity
Normal number of adipocytes have increased in size. Adults
Radiation
Gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact (sun and body)
Conduction
The exchange of heat between objects in direct contact with each other (feet and floor)
Convection
Transfer of heat between body and air or water (breeze cools)
Evaporation
Conversion of water from liquid to gas (requires heat)