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A&P 2 > Chapter 24 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs used in mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions.

A

Oral cavity, teeth, tongue

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2
Q

Secretes fluid which contains enzymes which help to break down foods; located at back of throat and in mouth.

A

Salivary glands

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3
Q

Muscles propel materials down esophagus

A

Pharynx

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4
Q

Tube that leads from throat to stomach; this transports nutrients/food to stomach

A

Esophagus

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5
Q

Chemical breakdown of food by acids and enzymes; mechanical processing occursthrough muscle contractions.

A

Stomach

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6
Q

Secretes bile which is used to break down lipids; stores nutrients

A

Liver

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7
Q

Storage and concentration of bile

A

Gall bladder

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8
Q

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

A

Pancreas

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9
Q

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamin and ions

A

Small intestine

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10
Q

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination

A

Large intestine

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11
Q

Occurs when materials enter the digestive tract by the mouth

A

Ingestion

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12
Q

Crushing and shearing of materials to make it easier to move through tract.

A

Mechanical processing

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13
Q

Breakdown of food by chemicals into small fragments suitable for absorption.

A

Digestion

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14
Q

What can be absorbed intact?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

What most be broken down prior to absorption?

A
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Triglycerides
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16
Q

Release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers and salts by digestive tract and by glandular organs

A

Secretion

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17
Q

Movement of substrates, electrolytes, vitamins and water across digestive epithelium wall and into digestive tract.

A

Absorption

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18
Q

Removal of waste products from body

A

Excretion

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19
Q

The ejection of materials from digestive tract

A

Defecation

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20
Q

The lining of digestive system protects body from corrosive acids, abrasion and bacteria

A

Protection

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21
Q

The muscular wall of the digestive system contains 4 layers. What are they?

A
  1. Mucosa- Internal section of the wall which comes into contact with food.
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
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22
Q

Which layer of the muscular wall is not found in the pharynx, esophagus, or rectum?

A

Serosa

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23
Q

Contraction of the muscles of digestive tract behind material to be digested; pushing material downward through the digestive system.

A

Peristalsis

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24
Q

What two muscles work in conjunction to move bolus of food?

A
  • Circular muscle

- Longitudinal muscle

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25
Q

Allows food to move in one direction (acts like a valve)

A

Circular muscle

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26
Q

Contraction causes food to move through digestive tract.

A

Longitudinal muscle

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27
Q

Small mass of digestive contents

A

Bolus

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28
Q

Contracts which occur in stomach, SI and some in LI which cause churning and mixing of bolus with intestinal secretions. This does not move bolus through GI.

A

Segmentation

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29
Q

Also called the Buccal cavity.

A

Oral cavity

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30
Q

The mouth opens to lead into this cavity; ingestion/food entry occurs at this location.

A

Oral cavity or Buccal cavity

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31
Q

What type of tissue primarily makes up the oral cavity?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

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32
Q

What is the pH in the mouth?

A

6.35-6.85

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33
Q

The Oral cavity is formed by? (4)

A
  • Lips
  • Cheeks
  • Palate
  • Tongue
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34
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity? (3)

A
  • Ingestion: Intake of food
  • Mechanical digestion:Chewing of food
  • Chemical digestion: Enzymatic breakdown of food
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35
Q

Used to manipulate food inside the oral cavity.

A

Tongue

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36
Q

Functions of the tongue? (4)

A
  • Mechanical processing by compression, abrasion and distortion.
  • Manipulate food to assist in chewing and prepare material for swallowing.
  • Sensory analysis by touch, temperature, and taste receptors.
  • Secretes mucins and “lingual lipase”.
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37
Q

The tongue can be divided into 2 sections. What are they?

A
  • Anterior body

- Posterior root

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38
Q

Membrane of inferior side of tongue which connects tongue to floor of oral cavity

A

Lingual frenulum

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39
Q

Protein secreted by glands which can break down lipids which acidic pH activates the enzyme.

A

Lingual lipase

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40
Q

The tongue has two groups of skeletal muscles both controlled by hypoglossal nerve XII. What are they?

A
  • Intrinsic tongue muscles

- Extrinsic tongue muscles

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41
Q

Tongue muscles used in speech

A

Intrinsic tongue muscles

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42
Q

Tongue muscles used in gross movements of tongue.

A

Extrinsic tongue muscles

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43
Q

Three pairs of glands secrete into oral cavity; these glands will either have serous cells and/or mucous cells.

A

Salivary glands

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44
Q

Produce salivary amylase.

A

Serous cells

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45
Q

Produce mucins which produce mucus for lubrication.

A

Mucous cells

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46
Q

Glands located in the back of throat inferior to zygomatic arch.

A

Parotid salivary glands

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47
Q

Gland covered by mucous membrane of floor or mouth

A

Sublingual salivary gland

48
Q

Gland found in floor of mouth

A

Submandibular salivary gland

49
Q

Produces about 25% of total saliva with salivary amylase which is drained into the oral cavity by parotid duct into oral cavity.

A

Parotid salivary glands

50
Q

Also called Stenson’s duct

A

Parotid duct

51
Q

Produces saliva that acts as buffer and lubricant which is drained into the oral cavity by the sublingual duct.

A

Sublingual salivary gland

52
Q

Also called Rivinus duct

A

Sublingual duct

53
Q

Produces and secretes 70% of total saliva with both serous and mucous cells; missed gland sends both and salivary amylase into the oral cavity by the submandibular duct.

A

Submandibular salivary gland

54
Q

Also called Whartons duct

A

Submandibular duct

55
Q

How much saliva does the body produce each day?

A

1 liter

56
Q

What is saliva made up of? (7)

A
  • water (99%)
  • electrolytes
  • buffers
  • glycoproteins
  • antibodies
  • enzymes
  • waste
57
Q

Helps to control bacterial in mouth?

A

IgA (antibody)

58
Q

What does the mumps virus target?

A

Salivary glands especially parotid salivary gland

59
Q

Any object in mouth can trigger salivary reflex by stimulating which nerve(s)?

A

-Trigeminal nerve (V) or VII, IX, or X

60
Q

Opposing surfaces of teeth match to perform mastication.

A

Occlusal

61
Q

Blade shaped teeth in front of oral cavity used for cutting or clipping, has a single root

A

Incisors

62
Q

Have pointed tip; used for tearing or slashing; have single root.

A

Cuspids (canines)

63
Q

Have flat crowns; they mash, crush, and grind; have one or two roots.

A

Bicuspids (Premolars)

64
Q

Large flattened crowns; good at crushing and grinding; have 2 or 3 roots.

A

Molars

65
Q

First set of teeth

A

Deciduous

66
Q

How many teeth to children typically have?

A

20

67
Q

`Second set of teeth

A

Secondary dentition or permanent dentition.

68
Q

How many Permanent teeth?

A

32

69
Q

Permanent teeth push out primary teeth which is called what?

A

Eruption or emergence

70
Q

Visible top portion of teeth?

A

Crown

71
Q

area between crown and root?

A

Neck

72
Q

Inferior invisible portion of tooth?

A

Root

73
Q

Outer protective covering of teeth?

A

Enamel

74
Q

Protective covering along side of tooth.

A

Cementum

75
Q

Mineral component; soft section of tooth.

A

Dentin

76
Q

Chamber with blood vessels and nerves in tooth.

A

Pulp cavity

77
Q

Skin/gum between teeth.

A

Gingiva

78
Q

Where nerves and blood vessels pass through to dentin of tooth

A

Root Canal

79
Q

Hole where vessels and nerves first enter tooth.

A

Apical foramen

80
Q

Attaches root to bone of tooth.

A

Peridontal ligament

81
Q

Serves as common passageway for solid, liquids, and air (breathing).

A

Pharynx

82
Q

Pushes bolus towards esophagus.

A

Pharyngeal constrictor muscle

83
Q

Muscles that elevates the larynx

A
  • Palatopharyngeus

- Stylopharyngeus

84
Q

Elevates the soft palate.

A

Palatal muscle

85
Q

The superior portion posterior to nasal cavity; is air passageway only; epithelium produces mucus; houses the pharyngeal tonsils; superior portion which extends from internal nares to soft palate.

A

Nasopharnynx

86
Q

Continuous with the oral cavity; posterior to and continuous with oral cavity; is both air and food passageway; epithelium changes to deal with abrasive food; houses palatine and lingual tonsils; middle portion which extends from soft palate to base of tongue.

A

Oropharynx

87
Q

Area between the hyoid bone and the esophagus; posterior to epiglottis and extends from base of tongue/ hyoid bone to larynx/esophagus; increases mucosal surface area exposed to air and enhance air turbulence in nasal cavity.

A

Laryngopharynx

88
Q

Primary function is to carry food to stomach

A

Esophagus

89
Q

Parameters of esophagus?

A

About 1 foot in length with .75in in diameter

90
Q

Muscular wall of esophagus contains 3 layers and 1 layer of connective tissue.

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Adventitia
91
Q

Outermost connective tissue layer; replaces the serosa.

A

Adventitia

92
Q

3 phases of swallowing

A
  • Buccal phase
  • Pharyngeal phase
  • Esophageal phase
93
Q

Begins with compression of bolus against hard palate, then tongue forces bolus towards pharynx; this phase is voluntary.

A

Buccal phase

94
Q

Starts when bolus contacts palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches which have tactile receptors that are activated by bolus; brain sends a command to swallow; peristalsis begins in this phase.

A

Pharyngeal phase

95
Q

Begins as bolus enters esophagus; peristalsis also continues during this phase; as bolus gets close to stomach it triggers the opening of esophageal/cardiac sphincter to allow entrance into stomach.

A

Esophageal phase

96
Q

Functions of the stomach (5)

A
  • Bulk storage of ingested food
  • Mechanical breakdown of ingested food
  • Disruption of chemical bonds in food by acid and enzymes
  • Produces intrinsic factor (required for absorption of B12)
  • Absorption of alcohol and some drugs
97
Q

The ingested substance, enzymes and acid (soupy mixture of digested food).

A

Chyme

98
Q

Folds in the stomach which allow it to expand as food enters stomach.

A

Rugae

99
Q

What drug can be absorbed across stomach but also tends to erode stomach lining with extensive use.

A

Aspirin

100
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus
101
Q

Smallest part of stomach, most superior; contains many mucous glands that coat and protect esophagus from acid and enzymes in stomach; only as mucus cells.

A

Cardia

102
Q

Portion of stomach that is superior to the stomach/esophagus connection. Also has some gastric glands.

A

Fundus

103
Q

Area between fundus and curve of the J (pylorus); largest part of stomach; mixes food and secretions produced in stomach; gastric glands in body secrete most of the acids in stomach.

A

Body

104
Q

The curve of the J; has 2 sections; has both gastrin and mucus cells.

A

Pylorus

105
Q

Connects to the body of stomach

A

Pyloric antrum

106
Q

Empties into duodenum; a sphincter (pyloric sphincter) regulates the release of chyme into duodenum; gastrin, a hormone which stimulates gastric glands is produced here.

A

Pylorus

107
Q

2 types of cells that dominate the gastric glands.

A
  • Parietal cells

- Cheif cells

108
Q

Produces gastrin which stimulates parietal and cheif cells

A

G cells

109
Q

Produces somatostatin; which inhibitis G cells

A

D cells

110
Q

Inflamation of gastric mucosa due to excessive alcohol, drugs, or aspirin use.

A

Gastritis

111
Q

Occurs when acids erodes stomach lining in stomach (gastric ulcer) or intestine (duodenal ulcer).

A

Peptic ulcer

112
Q

The production of acid and enzymes can be controlled by (3)

A
  • CNS
  • Enteric Nervous system (ENS) in stomach
  • Hormones in digestive tract
113
Q

What are the 3 phases of Digestion?

A
  • Cephalic Phase
  • Gastric phase
  • Intestinal phase
114
Q

3 subdivisions of the small intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
115
Q

Found on folds caled plicae

A

Villi

A&P 2 (9 decks)

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