Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures - R

A

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas

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2
Q

Henry’s Law

A

When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

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3
Q

what regulates the rate of loading and unloading of O2

A

Po2
Temperature
Blood pH
Pco2

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4
Q

factors that influence external respiration

A

Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

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5
Q

what type of process is external respiration?

A

a passive process

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6
Q

drop in Pco2 levels

A

hypocapnia

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7
Q

rise in Pco2 levels

A

hypercapnia

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8
Q

centers that control the depth and rate of breathing

A

Pontine Respiratory Center

Medullary Respiratory Center

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9
Q

Apnea

A

a complete stop in breathing

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10
Q

3 ways that CO2 is transported in the blood

A

dissolved in plasma
bound to hemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions

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11
Q

the weakening of the Hb-oxygen bond caused by a decline in pH - R

A

Bohr effect

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12
Q

how much more soluble if CO2 in water compared to O2?

A

20x

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13
Q

respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude

A

Acclimatization

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14
Q

above what altitude does acute mountain sickness occur?

A

8000 feet

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15
Q

symptoms of altitude sickness

A

Headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness

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16
Q

function of the Hering-Breuer Reflex

A

to prevent over inflation of the lungs

17
Q

how does the Hering-Breuer Reflex work?

A

Stretch receptors in the pleurae and airways are stimulated by lung inflation
Inhibitory signals to the medullary respiratory centers end inhalation and allow expiration to occur

18
Q

effect of a decrease in pH on ventilation

A

increased pulmonary ventilation

19
Q

effect of an increase in pH on ventilation

A

decreased pulmonary ventilation

20
Q

Haldane effect

A

The amount of CO2 transported is affected by the Po2

21
Q

what is the direction of the diffusion of gases at capillaries in the tissues?

A

oxygen out of blood

CO2 into blood

22
Q

dominant method of CO2 transport

A

dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

23
Q

Forces that maintain the negative pressure in Pip

A
  1. elasticity of the lungs
  2. surface tension in alveoli
  3. chest wall pulling action
24
Q

what level of pH will will make oxygenated hemoglobin release oxygen more readily?

A

decreased

25
Q

what will holding breath for 60 sec do?

A

increase alveolar pCO2

26
Q

where is partial pressure of CO2 higher than oxygen?

A

blood leaving right ventricle

27
Q

chloride ions moving into or out of the red blood cell

A

chloride shift

28
Q

the most important stimulus for breathing

A

body’s need to rid itself of CO2

29
Q

when CO2 is accumulated in the blood the pH is…?

A

decreased

30
Q

how is most oxygen transported?

A

by iron in Hb

31
Q

what does alveolar gas have a higher concentration of

A

CO2

32
Q

bohr effect

A

low pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

33
Q

what PCO2 increased the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

low PCO2

34
Q

where is carbonic anhydrase loacted?

A

inside red blood cells

35
Q

hypocapnia

A

drop in Pco2 levels

36
Q

hypercapnia

A

rise in Pco2 levels

37
Q

a complete stop in breathing

A

Apnea

38
Q

how much oxygen is unloaded?

A

20-25%