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(HS) Biology 11 > Chapter 22 Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What is a plant?

A

eukaryotes that have cell walls containing cellulose and carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b

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2
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

the shift between haploid and diploid

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3
Q

What adaptations do some plants have that allow them to live on land? (3)

A
  • more resistant to the drying rays of the sun
  • more capable of conserving water
  • more capable of reproducing without water
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4
Q

Are all plants autotrophs?

A

NO! Some are parasites and saprobes

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5
Q

Where is chlorophyll a and b located?

A

in chloroplasts

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6
Q

Are all plants multicellular?

A

Mostly

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7
Q

What are the 4 things plants need to survive?

A
  1. sunlight
  2. gas exchange
  3. water
  4. minerals
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8
Q

Why do plants need sunlight?

A

provides the energy needed for photosynthesis

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9
Q

Why do plants need gas exchange?

A

they need oxygen for cellular respiration and carbon dioxide as a raw ingredient for photosynthesis

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10
Q

Why do plants need water?

A

it is a raw ingredient for photosynthesis

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11
Q

PLANTS MUST EXCHANGE GASES WITH THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE SOIL WITHOUT LOSING EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF WATER THROUGH EVAPORATION

A

!

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12
Q

What kind of plants can live in dry environments?

A

Plants that produce seeds

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13
Q

!!!

A

!!!

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14
Q

What characteristics do gymnosperms share?

A

They produce naked seeds.

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15
Q

In alternation of generations spores will develop into the _________ and the gametes will develop into the ___________.

A

gametophyte stage

sporophyte stage

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16
Q

What adaptation helps plants retain water?

A

cuticle

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17
Q

What 4 important features divide the Plant kingdom into the five major groups?

A
  1. embryo formation
  2. specialized water-conducting tissues
  3. seeds
    4, flowers
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18
Q

What is a diplod (2N) phase?

A

a sporophyte

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19
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

a spore-making plant, the multicellular diploid phase

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20
Q

What is a haploid (N) phase?

A

a gametophyte

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21
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

a gamete-making plant, the multicellular haploid phase

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22
Q

What do haploid (N) organisms carry?

A

a single set of chromosomes in their cell nuclei

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23
Q

What do diploid (2N) organisms carry?

A

two sets of chromosomes in their cell nuclei

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24
Q

What happens to chromosomes during fertilization?

A

chromosome number doubles, making a diploid cell from 2 haploid cells

N + N –> 2N

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25
Q

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

A

chromosome number is reduced by half, making 2 haploid cells from a diploid

2N –> N + N

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26
Q

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis?

A

chromosome number doesn’t change (mitosis is cell-copying!)

N –> N + N
2N –> 2N + 2N

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27
Q

What do all angiosperms produce?

A

fruit

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28
Q

What happens in phloem?

A

Food (carbohydrates) is transported down.

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29
Q

What stage of a plants life cycle produces sex cells (egg cells and sperm cells)?

A

gametophyte

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30
Q

What are some examples of devices to disperse seeds?

A

wind, water, large animals

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31
Q

What part of a woody stem forms rings that indicate the tree’s age?

A

xylem

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32
Q

Where does the energy that powers photosynthesis come from?

A

the sun

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33
Q

What are functions of the leaf’s veins (vascular tissue)? (3)

A
  • to bring water to the leaf’s cells
  • to connect the leaf with the rest of the plant
  • to transport food to the rest of the plant
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34
Q

The oldest fossils of land plants are roughly how many years old?

A

50 million years old

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35
Q

What was the greatest challenge faced by early land plants?

A

obtaining water

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36
Q

How did early land plants obtain enough water?

A

they grew close to the ground in damp places

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37
Q

Why do biologists now classify green algae as plants?

A

they have cell walls, photosynthesis pigments, and reproductive cycles similar to plants as well as genomes

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38
Q

What are the 5 major groups of plants?

A 
green algae
bryophytes
seedless vascular plants
gymnosperms
angiosperms
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39
Q

During what Period did large mats of green algae live?

A

the Cambrian Period, 550 million years ago

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40
Q

Give an example of a single-celled alga.

A

Chlamydomonas

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41
Q

The ______ of a green alga is able to survive freezing or drying conditions.

A

zygote

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42
Q

What is an example of a colonial green alga shaped like a filament?

A

spirogyra

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43
Q

What is an example of a colonial green alga that shows some cell specialization?

A

volvox

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44
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

plant tissue that is specialized for carrying water and other minerals

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45
Q

What are the two main types of vascular tissue?

A

xylem and phloem

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46
Q

How are xylem and phloem similar? (2)

A
  • the main cells are long and specialized to move fluids throughout the plant body
  • make it possible for vascular plants to move fluids through their bodies against the force of gravity
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47
Q

What does xylem do?

A

carries water upward from the roots o every part of a plant

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48
Q

What does phloem do?

A

transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

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49
Q

What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of ferns (seedless vascular plant)?

A

the sporophyte

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50
Q

In which part of a pine tree are pollen grains produced?

A

pollen cones

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51
Q

Give an example of one entire male gametophyte of a gymnosperm.

A

a pollen grain

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52
Q

What is the name of the structures of gymnosperms in which the female gametophytes develop?

A

ovules

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53
Q

How long does the conifer life cycle typically take to complete?

A

2 years

54
Q

In gymnosperm reproduction, what takes the place of water in the transfer of sperms to eggs?

A

pollen tubes

55
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

seed plants that produce flowers and fruits

56
Q

Flowering plants first appeared during what Period?

A

the Cretaceous Period

57
Q

Where are the seeds of flowering plants encased?

A

in fruits

58
Q

Which major group of angiosperms is by far the largest?

A

eudicots

59
Q

Which plant’s discovery caused botanists to rearrange the classification of plants?

A

Amborella

60
Q

What are annual angiosperms? Give some examples.

A

angiosperms that have a one year life span

ex. marigold, petunia, pansy, wheat

61
Q

What are biennial angiosperms? Give some examples.

A

angiosperms that have a two year life span

ex. parsley, primrose, celery, foxglove

62
Q

What are annual angiosperms? Give some examples.

A

angiosperms that live more than two years

ex. peonies, asparagus, grasses, palm trees, maple trees

63
Q

What is an archegonium?

A

an egg-producing organ of seedless plants

64
Q

What is xylem?

A

water-conducting vascular tissue

65
Q

What is phloem?

A

sugar-conducting vascular tissue

66
Q

What is a seed?

A

an embryo plant, food supply, and protective covering

67
Q

What is pollination?

A

the transfer of pollen

68
Q

What is an ovary?

A

an egg-containing structure of flowering plants

69
Q

What is a dicot?

A

a plant with two seed leaves in seeds

70
Q

What is an ovule?

A

a structure that a female gametophyte develops

71
Q

What is an antheridium?

A

sperm-producing organ of seedless plants

72
Q

What is a tracheophyte?

A

a plant with vascular tissues

73
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

spore-producing structure of seedless plants

74
Q

What are the three groups of bryophytes?

A

mosses, hornworts, liverworts

75
Q

Why are bryophytes small?

A

they lack vascular tissue therefore they cannot draw up water higher than a meter off the ground due to the pull of gravity which limits bryophytes to damp environments

76
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

specialized tissue containing hardened lignin tubes that carry water throughout a plant

77
Q

What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of green algae?

A

gametophyte

78
Q

DESCRIBE THE GREEN ALGAE LIFE CYCLE

A

If conditions are unfavorable, Chlamydomonas produces gametes which fuse (fertilization) to create a sporophyte which will last until conditions become favorable. It will then grow and through meiosis create four flagellated haploid cells which can reproduce asexually (through mitosis).

79
Q

What are the characteristics of green algae?

A

mostly aquatic, found in fresh and salt water, and in some moist areas on land

80
Q

Why do green algae make direct contact with the water they grow in?

A

most green algae are single cells or branching filaments

they are able to absorb moisture and nutrients directly from their surroundings

81
Q

What are the great moments in plant evolution in green algae? (4)

A
  • first plants to evolve
  • unicellular
  • some started living in cooperative colonies
  • first “phylum” in which true multicellularity evolved
82
Q

What are the great moments in plant evolution in bryophytes? (3)

A
  • waxy outer coating that resists drying out
  • first plants to develop embryos
  • started to evolve more specialized cells, tissues, organs
83
Q

What are the great moments in plant evolution in seedless vascular plants? (2)

A
  • first plants to evolve tallness

- vascular tissue provided structure and a method to deliver water and nutrients around a bigger, taller body

84
Q

BRYOPHYTES AND SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS CANNOT HAVE SEX WITHOUT WATER (SPERM MUST SWIM THROUGH WATER TO THE EGGS) SO THAT LIMITS WHERE THEY CAN LIVE

A

!

85
Q

What are the great moments in plant evolution in gymnosperms?

A
  • pollen

- seeds

86
Q

What is pollen?

A

males that can travel directly to females and then grow a pollen tube into the female to deliver sperm to egg without drying out

*allows sex on dry land!

87
Q

What is archegonia?

A

where eggs are produced

88
Q

What is antheirdia?

A

where sperm are produced

89
Q

Which stage carries out the majority of photosynthesis?

A

gametophyte

90
Q

What stage is dependent on what stage for its supply of water and minerals?

A

the sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte

91
Q

What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of bryophytes?

A

gametophyte

92
Q

BRYOPHYTE LIFE CYCLE: GAMETOPHYTE

gametes are formed in reproductive structures at the tips of the gametophytes, sperm and egg cells fuse together (fertilization) to create a DIPLOID ZYGOTE

A

!

93
Q

BRYOPHYTE LIFE CYCLE: SPOROPHYTE

the zygote is the beginning of the sporophyte life cycle, first it becomes a multicellular embryo within the gametophyte then eventually grows out of the body of the gametophyte and develop a SPORANGIUM

A

!

94
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

a long stalk with a capsule at the end

95
Q

What are tracheids?

A

special water-conduction cells

96
Q

What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants?

A

sporophyte, but the gametophyte plant is usually pretty independent and can photosynthesize on its own

97
Q

Why don’t seed plants require water for reproduction?

A

because of:

  • a reproductive process that takes place in cones and flowers
  • the transfer of sperm by pollination
  • the protection of embryos in seeds
98
Q

Where do gametophytes exist in gymnosperms?

A

cones

99
Q

What are flowers?

A

reproductive organs that are composed of four different kinds of specialized leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

100
Q

Where do gametophytes exist in angiosperms?

A

flowers

101
Q

Where is a pollen grain formed?

A

inside a cone or flower

102
Q

What does a pollen grain contain?

A

the entire male gametophyte plant which will form the sperm, the pollen allows the sperm to avoid drying out

103
Q

What does the seed coat do?

A

protects the embryo from drying out

104
Q

What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of gymnosperms?

A

sporophyte

105
Q

MALE GAMETOPHYTES

A

multicellular but very small are are totally inside the pollen grain, made by meiosis in POLLEN CONES

106
Q

FEMALE GAMETOPHYTES

A

multicellular, and small, made by meiosis inside the OVULES of SEED CONES

107
Q

What does polintation allow?

A

it allows fertilization to take place without the need for gametes to swim through water

108
Q

DEVELOPMENT INSIDE SEEDS

if a pollen grain lands near an ovule, it grows a pollen tube which contains 2 sperm nuclei. When the pollen tube gets to the female gametophyte, one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg. This results in a diploid zygote which will groq into an embryo, the new sporophyte plant. A seed coat forms around the embryo to protect it. The seeds of gymnosperms are usually scattered by wind and sometimes by animals.

A

!

109
Q

What are the advantages of flowers? (2)

A
  • often, animals are attached to the flowers and unknowingly transfer pollen from one flower to another
  • more likely for males (pollen) to get into females (embryo sacs) of the same species
110
Q

What are the advantages of fruits?

A

-mutant ovaries that cause seeds (babies) to be dispersed away from original plant, which reduced competition for itself

111
Q

Angiosperm Classification

A

old categories (taxa) are currently being updated

112
Q

Are all angiosperm vascular?

A

Yes

113
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

seed leaves

114
Q

What are monocots?

A

flowering plants with one seed leaf

115
Q

What are dicots?

A

flowering plants with two seed leaves

116
Q

What are the 5 major clades of angiosperms?

A 
Amborella
Water Lily
Magnoliids
Monocots
Eudicots
117
Q

How are different angiosperms categorized?

A

grouped according to the number of their seed leaves, the strength and composition of their stems, and the number of growing seasons they live

118
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOCOTS

A

SEEDS: single cotyledon
LEAVES: parallel veins
FLOWERS: floral parts often in multiples of 3
STEMS: vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
ROOTS: fibrous roots

119
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF DICOTS

A

SEEDS: two cotyledons
LEAVES: branched veins
FLOWERS: floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5
STEMS: vascular bundles arranged in a ring
ROOTS: taproot

120
Q

What are Woody plants?

A

made primarily of cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body

121
Q

What are herbaceous plants?

A

smooth and non-woody plants that do not produce wood as they grow

122
Q

What are stamens?

A

the male parts of the flower that consists of a stalk called a filament with an anther at its tip

123
Q

What are anthers?

A

the structures in which pollen grains (male gametophytes) are produced

124
Q

What do carpels do?

A

produce and shelter the female gametophyte and later, seeds

125
Q

What is a carpel?

A

has a broad base forming an ovary, which contains one or more ovules where female gametophytes are produced

126
Q

What is a stigma?

A

a sticky or feathery portion at the top of the style

127
Q

What is the style?

A

a stalk of the carpel

128
Q

What is a pistil?

A

a single carpel or several fused carpels

129
Q

What is the stigma specialized in?

A

capturing pollen

130
Q

How does fertilization in angiosperm differ from fertilization in other plants?

A

two fertilizations take place, one produces the zygote and the other produces a tissue called endosperm within the seed

(HS) Biology 11 (6 decks)

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