Chapter 22 Ethics and Values Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 22 Ethics and Values Deck (35)
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1
Q

Autonomy

A

refers to freedom from external control
Ex. a patient faces surgery, the surgeon has an obligation to review the surgical procedure, including risks and benefits, out of respect for the patient’s autonomy

2
Q

Beneficence

A

refers to taking positive actions to help others, the best interests of the patient remain more important than self-interest - service to others

3
Q

Non maleficence

A

avoidance of harm or hurt - balance between risks and benefits

4
Q

Justice

A

fairness and equal access to health care resources, including distribution of resources
Ex. health insurance, organ transplants

5
Q

Fidelity

A

the agreement to keep promises

Ex. unwillingness to abandon patients even when care becomes controversial or complex –> abortions

6
Q

Code of ethics

A

set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept

7
Q

ANA

A

American Nurses Association

First set of codes of ethics

8
Q

Advocacy

A

the support of a particular cause

Ex. health, safety, rights of patients, rights to privacy

9
Q

Responsibility

A

willingness to respect one’s professional obligations and follow through on promises

10
Q

Accountability

A

the ability to answer for one’s action

-ANA: national standards

11
Q

Accountability : TJC

A

The Joint Commission: applies Accreditation

12
Q

Confidentiality

A

widely respected

If violations occur: US Department of Health and Human Services take charge

13
Q

HIPAA

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

14
Q

Value

A

personal belief about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or object that sets standards that influence behavior -reflect culture and social influences

15
Q

Value formation

A

begins in childhood, shaped by experience within the family unit
Ex. schools, government, religion, friends
Ex. individual experiences: loss in early life values things different to those free of suffering

16
Q

Values Clarification

A

Ethical dilemmas –> conflict: to resolve think VALUE, FACT, OPINION

17
Q

Ethics are more

A

flexible than fixed

18
Q

Deontology

A

actions as right or wrong based on their “right-making characteristics” – does not look at consequences
Ex. fidelity to promises, truthfulness, justice, and beneficence

19
Q

Utilitarianism

A

relies on the application of a certain principle

-the value of something is based on its usefulness

20
Q

Utilitarianism: Consequential-ism

A

main emphasis is on the outcome or consequence of action

21
Q

Utilitarianism: Teleology

A

Greek meaning “end” - study of ends or final causes

22
Q

Utilitarianism measures:

A

the effect that an act will have; deontology looks to the presence of principle regardless of outcome
-does not guarantee agreement

23
Q

Feminist Ethics

A

critiques conventional ethics

practices solutions of the nature of relationships and positive values (power is unequal, point of view)

24
Q

Ethics of Care

A

Like feminists, both promote philosophy that focus on understanding relationships with a personal narrative

25
Q

Nel Nodding

A

one-caring = provides care
cared-for = patient
-code of ethics

26
Q

Consensus of Bioethics

A

respect and agreement, skill and practice

-Act of discovery: “collective wisdom” - consensus building

27
Q

Processing an Ethical Dilemma: Elements

A

the presumption of good will, strict confidentiality, patient-centered decision making, welcome participation of family

28
Q

Curtin says it’s an ethical issue if 1 one of the following:

A
  1. unable to resolve through scientific data
  2. perplexing –> cannot logically make decision
  3. answer = relevance for human concern
29
Q

Resolution of ethical issues:

A
  1. Ask ?
  2. Gather info
  3. Clarify values–> fact, opinion, values
  4. Verbalize problem
  5. Identify possible courses of action
  6. Negotiate a plan
  7. Evaluate the plan over time
30
Q

Ethics committees:

A

1.education, 2.policy recommendation, 3.case consultation

goals= promote rights, decisions, patient-centered outcomes

31
Q

Issues: Quality of Life

A

take account- age, ability to live independently, contribute to society, other measures
-centered= DNRs. end of life care, cancer therapy, disabled access

32
Q

Issues: Genetic Screening

A

alert a patient to a condition that may not yet be evident but is certain to develop in future Ex. women over 35 and pregnant

33
Q

Issues: Care at End of Life

A

predictions are not always accurate (dementia)

34
Q

Futile

A

hopeless, serves no purpose

-no recovery, dying

35
Q

Issues: Access to Care

A
  1. 3 mill uninsured 15% of pop
    - mostly women and children, 19-29
    - most homeless but 80% working families