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(HS) Biology 11 > Chapter 20.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 20.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

disease-causing agents

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2
Q

What are the most common types of pathogens?

A

bacteria and viruses

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3
Q

What are all the currently known prokaryotic pathogens?

A

bacteria

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4
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

by destroying living cells and their tissue or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis

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5
Q

How does the bacterium that causes tuberculosis damage host tissue?

A

this pathogen is inhaled into the lungs where its growth triggers an immune response that can destroy large areas of tissue

can also travel through blood vessels to other sites in the body, causing similar damage

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6
Q

What is an example of bacteria that produces toxins?

A

the species that causes diphtheria

the species that causes botulism

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7
Q

What is botulism?

A

a deadly form of food poisoning

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8
Q

LYME DISEASE effect on the body (4)

A

bacterial disease

  • “bull’s-eye” rash at site of a tick bite
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • headache
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9
Q

LYME DISEASE transmission.

A

ticks transmit the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi

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10
Q

TETANUS effect on the body (6)

A

bacterial disease

  • lockjaw
  • stiffness in neck and abdomen
  • difficulty swallowing
  • fever
  • elevated blood pressure
  • severe muscle spasms
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11
Q

TETANUS transmission

A

bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin

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12
Q

TUBERCULOSIS effect on the body (7)

A

bacterial disease

  • fatigue
  • weight loss
  • fever
  • night sweats
  • chills
  • appetite loss
  • bloody sputum from lungs (coughing up blood)
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13
Q

TUBERCULOSIS transmission

A

bacteria particles are inhaled

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14
Q

BACTERIAL MENINGITIS effect on the body (5)

A

bacterial disease

  • high fever
  • headache
  • stiff neck
  • nausea
  • fatigue
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15
Q

BACTERIAL MENINGITIS transmission (2)

A
  • bacteria are spread in respiratory droplets caused by coughing and sneezing
  • close or prolonged contact with someone infected with meningitis
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16
Q

STREP THROAT effect on the body (5)

A

bacterial disease

  • fever
  • sore throat
  • headache
  • fatigue
  • nausea
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17
Q

STREP THROAT transmission

A

direct contact with mucus from an infected person or direct contact with infected wounds or breaks in the skin

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18
Q

What are the 5 ways to control bacteria?

A
  1. physical removal: wash hands
  2. disinfectants: chemical solutions that kill bacteria
  3. food storage: low temperatures slow the growth of bacteria
  4. food processing: cooking foods at a certain high temperature kills bacteria
  5. sterilization by heat: objects like medical or surgical tools can be heated above 100 degrees Celsius to kill bacteria
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19
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens or inactivated toxins

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20
Q

What happens when a vaccine is injected into the body?

A

a vaccine prompts the body to produce immunity to specific disease

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21
Q

What is immunity?

A

the body’s ability to destroy pathogens or inactivated toxins

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22
Q

How can many bacterial diseases be prevented?

A

by stimulating the body’s immune system with vaccines

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23
Q

What are antibiotics? Examples?

A

compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

ie. penicillin and tetracyline

24
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

they disrupt bacterial proteins or bacterial cell processes, but do not harm the host cells!

25
Q

Do antibiotics work on viruses?

A

NO!

26
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

by directly destroying living cells or by affecting cellular processes in ways that upset homeostasis

can cause cells to change growth/development patterns, leading to cancer

actually penetrating cells (injecting DNA/RNA into cells)

27
Q

What does poliovirus do?

A

destroys cells in the nervous system, producing paralysis

28
Q

COMMON COLD effect on the body (5)

A

viral disease

  • sneezing
  • sore throat
  • fever
  • headache
  • muscle aches
29
Q

COMMON COLD transmission (2)

A
  • contact with contaminated objects

- droplet inhalation

30
Q

INFLUENZA effect on the body (7)

A

viral disease

  • body aches
  • fever
  • sore throat
  • headache
  • dry cough
  • fatigue
  • nasal congestion
31
Q

INFLUENZA transmission

A

flu viruses spread in respiratory droplets caused by coughing and sneezing

32
Q

AIDS (HIV) effect on the body (1)

A

viral disease

- helper T cells are destroyed (needed for normal immune system function)

33
Q

AIDS (HIV) transmission (3)

A
  • sexual contact
  • contact with contaminated blood or body fluids
  • can be passed to babies during delivery or during breastfeeding
34
Q

CHICKEN POX effect on the body (1)

A

viral disease

- skin rash of blisterlike lesions

35
Q

CHICKEN POX transmission (2)

A
  • virus particles are spread in respiratory droplets caused by coughing and sneezing
  • highly contagious
36
Q

HEPATITIS B effect on the body (6)

A

viral disease

  • jaundice (a medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes)
  • fatigue
  • abdominal pain
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • joint pain
37
Q

HEPATITIS B transmission

A

contact with contaminated blood or bodily fluids

38
Q

WEST NILE VIRUS effect on the body (3)

A

viral disease

  • fever
  • headache
  • body ache
39
Q

WEST NILE VIRUS transmission

A

bite from an infected mosquito

40
Q

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) effect on the body

A

viral disease

  • genital or anal warts
  • cancer of the cervix, penis, and anus
41
Q

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) transmission

A

sexual contact

42
Q

What is often the best way to protect against most viral diseases?

A
  • vaccines
  • wash hands
  • avoid contact with sick individuals
  • etc.
43
Q

How can you treat viral diseases?

A

anitiviral drugs: attack viral enzymes (proteins in capsids) which may help to keep virus in lysogenic (dormant) state

44
Q

History of Vaccines: 1769

A

Edward Jenner performs the first inoculation against smallpox, using the less harmful but similar cowpox virus

45
Q

History of Vaccines: 1880s

A

Louis Pasteur develops vaccines against anthrax and rabies

46
Q

History of Vaccines: 1923

A

Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin develop a vaccine against tuberculosis

47
Q

History of Vaccines: 1950s

A

Jonas Salk develops a polio vaccine that uses killed viruses. Albert Sabin develops a polio vaccine that uses weakened viruses.

48
Q

History of Vaccines: 1981

A

A vaccine against hepatitis B that uses recombinant DNA gains government approval.

49
Q

History of Vaccines: 2006

A

A vaccine against human papillomavirus gains approval.

50
Q

Why are emerging diseases particularly threatening to human health?

A

The pathogens that cause emerging diseases are particularly threatening to human health because human populations have little or no resistance to them, and because methods of control have yet to be developed.

51
Q

What is an emerging disease?

A

an unknown disease that appears in a population for the first time OR a well-known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control because of evolution

*comes from already existing viruses and bacteria

52
Q

What is penicillin?

A

an antibiotic derived from fungi

53
Q

What did the widespread use of antibiotics lead to?

A

the process of natural selection that favors the emergence of resistance to these powerful drugs

54
Q

What are “superbugs”?

A

bacteria that have evolved resistance to many antibiotics and that transfer drug-resistant genes from one bacterium to another through conjugation

55
Q

How are new viruses forming?

A

because viruses replicate so quickly, their genetic makeup can change rapidly, sometimes allowing viruses to “jump” from one host species to another and mutating

ie. AIDS caused by HIV probably evolved from a monkey virus and “bird flu” has been able to affect humans

56
Q

How are new viruses forming?

A

because viruses replicate so quickly, their genetic makeup can change rapidly, sometimes allowing viruses to “jump” from one host species to another and mutating

ie. AIDS caused by HIV probably evolved from a monkey virus and “bird flu” has been able to affect humans

57
Q

Do bacteria inject DNA/RNA into cells? Do viruses?

A

bacteria: no! if they get into the body, they are around and between cells
viruses: yes! they get into the body and into cells

(HS) Biology 11 (6 decks)

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