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Flashcards in Chapter 20 Deck (84)
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0
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Left side of heart

1
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Right side of the heart

2
Q

Functions of the heart

A

Generating BP
Routing blood
One way blood flow
Regulating blood supply

3
Q

Pericardium

A

Double-layered closed sac that surrounds the heart

4
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of serous pericardium

5
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Large volume of fluid or blood accumulates in pericardial cavity and compresses the heart from the outside

6
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer

7
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Thin, transparent inner layer

8
Q

Function of fibrous pericardium

A

Prevents overdistension of heart and anchors it within mediastinum.

9
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Serous pericardium lining fibrous pericardium

10
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Serous lining that covering surface of heart

11
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space between visceral and pericardia, filled with pericardial fluid

12
Q

Function of pericardial fluid

A

Reduce friction as heart moves in pericardial sac

13
Q

3 layers of heart wall

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

14
Q

Epicardium

A

Thin serous membrane. Smooth outer surface of heart

15
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick, middle layer of heart. Cardiac muscle

16
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth, inner surface of the heart chambers

17
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall

18
Q

Crista terminalis

A

Ridge separate pectinate muscles from smooth atrial wall

19
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Interior walls of ventricles. Large muscular ridges and columns

20
Q

Auricles

A

Extensions of atria that be seen anteriorly between each atrium and ventricle

21
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava

A

Carry blood to right atrium

22
Q

Four pulmonary veins

A

Blood from lungs to left atrium

23
Q

Two arteries that exit heart

A

Aorta, pulmonary trunk

24
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Runs obliquely around the heart, separates atria from ventricles

25
Q

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Division between left and right ventricles

26
Q

Right and left coronary arteries

A

Supply heart. Lie within coronary sulcus and interventricular sulci

27
Q

Anastomoses

A

Direct connection between arteries of heart

28
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Veins from heart itself drain into here, then right atrium

29
Q

Right atrium openings

A

Superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

30
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Divides two atria

31
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Oval depression on right side of septum marking former location of foramen ovale

32
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and fetus

33
Q

Papillary muscles

A

In both ventricles. Cone shaped muscular pillars

34
Q

Chordate tendineae

A

Attached to papillary muscles and atrioventricular valves. Thin, strong connective tissues.

35
Q

Function of papillary muscles

A

Contract when ventricles contract. Prevent valves from opening into atria by pulling on chordae tendineae.

36
Q

Heart skeleton

A

Plate Of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles

37
Q

Fibrous rings

A

Connective tissue plate forms fibrous rings around atrioventricular and semilunar valves.

38
Q

Heart skeleton functions

A

Support, reinforce valve openings, electrical insulation, point of attachment

39
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

Elongated, branching cells that have one or two nuclei.

40
Q

Smooth sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Cardiac muscle. Not arranged.

41
Q

Intercalated disks

A

Binds cells end to end

42
Q

Desmosomes

A

Hold cells together

43
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow cytoplasm to flow freely between cells. Low electrical resistance between cells

44
Q

Conducting system

A

Relays action potentials through the heart

45
Q

Sinoatrial node location

A

SA node. Right atrium, near superior vena cava

46
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

AV node. Medial to the right atrioventricular valve.

47
Q

Bundle of His

A

Atrioventricular bundle. From AV node. Travels to septum, splits to right and left branches

48
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Inferior terminal branches of the bundle. Electrical signals pass rapidly.

49
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Low permeability to Ca2+ and Na+. Higher permeability to K+.

50
Q

Ectopic focus

A

Any part of the heart other than the SA node that generates a heartbeat

51
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Cardiac muscle cell is completely insensitive to further stimulation

52
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Cell is sensitive to stimulation, but greater than normal stimulus to cause AP

53
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Summated record of the cardiac action potentials

54
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of atrial myocardium

55
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization (contraction)

56
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles. (Relaxation)

57
Q

Systole

A

Contract

58
Q

Diastole

A

Dilate

59
Q

When used alone, systole and diastole

A

Refer to ventricular systole and diastole.

60
Q

Determines direction of blood movement

A

Chamber pressure

Heart valves

61
Q

First heart sound

A

Low pitched “lubb”. Atrioventricular valves close.

62
Q

Second heart sound

A

Higher pitched “dupp”. Closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.

63
Q

Third heart sound

A

Thin, young. Turbulent blood flow into ventricles.

64
Q

Dicrotic notch

A

Aortic valve closes, causing higher pressure in aortic pressure curve. Pressure caused by recoil creates double pulse

65
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

MAP=CO X PR

Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance

66
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

Total resistance against which blood must be emptied.

67
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

68
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

Difference between cardiac output when at rest and maximum cardiac output

69
Q

Intrinsic regulation

A

Hearts own regulatory function.

70
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

71
Q

Preload

A

Extent to which ventricular walls are stretched

72
Q

Starling law of the heart

A

Relationship between preload and stroke volume. Pumping effectiveness

73
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure left ventricle must produce to overcome pressure in aorta.

74
Q

Parasympathetic control

A

Vagus nerve. Inhibitory influence. Acetylcholine

75
Q

Sympathetic control

A

Thoracic and spinal nerves. Increase heart rate, force of contraction. Norepinephrine

76
Q

Hormonal control

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla. Increase rate and force

77
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes

A

Regulate blood pressure. Carotid and aorta

78
Q

Chemoreceptor reflexes

A

Regulate hearts activity. Sensitive to pH and CO2

79
Q

Cardio regulatory center

A

Sensory action potentials integrated. Medulla oblongata

80
Q

Heart block

A

Excess K+ in tissue heart rate and stroke volume decrease. Loss of AP conduction

81
Q

Endothelium

A

All blood vessels have this internal lining

82
Q

Pericapillary cells

A

Between basement membrane and endothelial cells. Fibroblasts, macrophages, smooth muscle

83
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

No gaps between endothelial cells. Muscle, nervous tissue