Chapter 2: Theories Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 2: Theories Deck (21)
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1
Q

Norm

A

Average or usual event, or experience.

2
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Inner drives, and deep motives rooted in childhood.

3
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theory studying human development looking at observable behavior. Also the laws at which behavior is learned.

4
Q

Conditioning

A

Process by which responses link to particular stimuli.

5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Child learning to put a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, responding to the neutral stimulus normally.

6
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

When children act and then something follows that action.

7
Q

Reinforcement

A

When a behavior is followed by something desired.

8
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Humans sometimes learn without personal reinforcement. Which often occurs through MODELING.

9
Q

Modeling

A

When people copy what they see others do.

10
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

Thoughts and expectations affect attitudes, beliefs, values, and actions.

11
Q

Cognitive Equilibrium

A

State of mental balance. Existing thought to understand current thoughts.

12
Q

Assimilation

A

Reinterpretation of new experiences to fit into old ideas.

13
Q

Accommodation

A

Restructuring of old ideas to include new experiences.

14
Q

Information-Processing Theory

A

Perspective comparing human thinking processes with the input, output, and memory of a computer.

15
Q

Sociocultural Theory

A

Human development results from interaction between developing persons and society.

16
Q

Apprenticeship in Thinking

A

Vygotsky’s term for how cognition is stimulated in people by more skilled members of society.

17
Q

Guided Participation

A

How people learn from others who guide their experiences. This is direct and interactive.

18
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

Imaginary area surrounding the child containing skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot master without help.

19
Q

Humanism

A

No matter who you are and what position you hold, every human must have the same basic needs. This was brought by Abraham Maslow.

20
Q

Selective Adaptation

A

Humans today react in ways that helped promote human survival and reproduction long ago.

21
Q

Developmental Theory

A

Understanding why people change as they grow over time.