Chapter 2 and 3 Powerpoint Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 2 and 3 Powerpoint Deck (40)
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1
Q

Recognition (scene)/ Examination (lab)

A

First Step

To know something because one has seen, heard, or experienced it before

2
Q

Classification

A

Second Step

Placing things into groups according to their basic characteristics

The process of placing an object within a similar group of objects

Exclusion is just as important as inclusion

3
Q

Exclusion

A

A demonstration that two objects do not have a connection, relationship, or association

4
Q

Individualization

A

Third Step

demonstration that an item is unique, even among members of the same class, or that two separate objects were at one time a single object/had a common source or origin

5
Q

Evaluation

A

Last Step

the process of putting together the evidence available with the objective of understanding the nature and sequence of events that created it

involves using physical evidence and the analyses on that evidence to understand the events that produced that same evidence

6
Q

Reconstruction of a Homicide

A

Bloodstain pattern analysis

Patterns in area where body was found

Patterns in area where body was suspected to be moved from

Nature of the wounds on body

Other physical evidence left behind (casings, weapons, clothing)

7
Q

Damage

A

Two or three dimension surfaces on evidence produced by tearing, cutting, breakage, and other processes

Cutting v tearing
Physical match

8
Q

Deposits

A

material that is laid down or left behind by a physical process

NOT A DIRECT TRANSFER

Examples: dust on a dresser, blood pattern on floor or wall, cast off pattern on ceiling,pollen on vehicle

9
Q

Imprints

A

two dimensional representation of an object left in some sort of medium when it has come into contact with a hard surface (blood, dust, paint, dirt)

10
Q

Indentation

A

three dimensional representation of an object when it has been impressed into a soft receiving surface (sand, snow, mud)

11
Q

Striations

A

result of a hard surface being marked by a hard object in motion along that surface

motion results in parallel/nearly parallel lines on the hard surface

toolmarks

12
Q

Purpose of laws

A

Resolve disputes

enforce order

13
Q

Probable cause

A

sufficient reason based on known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crime

14
Q

1929: Frye v United States

A

Use of polygraph to determine whether the defendant was being truthful

Court did not allow results

Test is not reliable

15
Q

1993: Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

A

Concerned with morning sickness drug that may have caused birth defects

Court issues guidelines for deciding the admissibility of scientific evidence in court

determines judge acts as gatekeeper when applying the criteria/guidelines for admitting the evidence

16
Q

Daubert states that scientific tests must be:

A

subjected to significant testing

generally accepted (Frye Criterion)

Subjected to error rate analysis

Peer reviewed

17
Q

Expert Witness

A

An individual whose training, knowledge, or experience, makes him/her a specialist in a subject and is deemed as qualified to give opinion testimony in a legal setting

18
Q

Crime scene investigation includes:

A

processing and analysis

requires a systematic approach

19
Q

Division of labor

A

Crime Scene: civilian vs. sworn

Laboratory Analysis

Investigations/Interviews/Interrogations/ Arrests

20
Q

First responders

A

emergency medical personnel

patrol officers

fire department

21
Q

Scene Security

A

establish a perimeter around the scene to keep unnecessary individuals (news reporters, public, other department personnel) from entering and contaminating the scene

22
Q

Three levels of security

A

Outer perimeter: news reporters and public

Middle Perimeter: staging area for crime scene/detectives, etc.

Inner Perimeter: surrounds immediate area (should have officer with crime scene log posted here)

23
Q

Preliminary Examination of the Scene

A

Initial Walk Through

What are the

  • sights?
  • smells?
  • sounds?
  • weather conditions
24
Q

Types of documentation

A

photography

video

written notes

sketches

25
Q

Types of photography

A

overall
mid range
close up

26
Q

Overall photographs

A

show the scene as it is upon arrival

up and down street
parking lot around building 
pictures from each directional point 
applies to area outside of building and inside building 
no focus on specific items
27
Q

Mid Range Photographs

A

show spatial relationship and locations of items of evidence

at scene and with each other

28
Q

Close up Photographs

A

Shows each item of evidence individually

with and without evidence marker

with and without scale

29
Q

Video Documentation

A

With or without audio
follows photographs
SLOW

30
Q

Sketch Documentation

A

Rough

Finished

31
Q

Written Note Documentation

A

Write down all observations

Times and Measurements - Approximately

Personnel at scene

32
Q

Four Common Search Patterns

A

Zone/Quadrant
Spiral
Line/Strip
Double Line/Strip

33
Q

After all documentation is complete:

A

the evidence is collected

34
Q

How to avoid contamination:

A

wear personal protection equipment

change ppe between collection and swabs

dont touch non evidence items

35
Q

Evidence Packaging

A

consider the nature of the evidence

consider the fragility of the evidence

consider the probative value of the evidence

36
Q

Questioned samples

A

samples from an unknown source

ex. fingerprint lifts

37
Q

Known/Control Samples

A

samples taken from a known source

used for comparison purposes

38
Q

Evidence labels should include:

A
case number
item number
description 
name and initials of personnel 
date collected
39
Q

Evidence packaging must include:

A

evidence label
tape and heat seal
initials of personnel who sealed
may include chain of custody

40
Q

Chain of Custody

A

Written record of possession of evidence

may be found on packaging, may be on property sheet, may be done electronically with barcodes