Tsunami
Harbor wave
Surge of seawater generated from offshore earthquake
Matter
Occupies space
Solid, liquid, gas
Chemistry
Ways matter interact with each other
Law of conservation of matter
Matter may be transformed from one type of substance into others, but it cannot be created or destroyed
Uranium
Fukushima used to power nuclear reactors
Element
Fundamental type of matter, cannot be broken down (has same properties)
Elements abundant on our planet
Oxygen, hydrogen, silicon, nitrogen, carbon
Atoms
Smallest units that maintain chemical properties of the element
Protons
Positively charged particles
Neutrons
Particles with no electrical charge
Electrons
Negatively charges particles
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons
Placement in atom
Protons and neutrons stay in nucleus and elections move about the nucleus
Radioisotopes
Radioactive
“Decay” she’d subatomic particles and emit high-energy radiation
Greatest danger of radioisotopes
Lungs, skin, digestive system
Stable isotopes
Not radioactive anymore
Half life
The amount of time it takes for one half the atoms to give off radiation and decay
Ions
Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms
Ionizing radiation
Damaging radiation emitted by radioisotopes
Molecules
Combinations of two or more atoms
Compound
Molecule composed of two or more different elements ( water, CO2)
Covalent bond
Electrons are shared between atoms
Hydrogen bond
Weak
Partial negative and partial positive on each end (holds water together)
Ionic bonds
Strength of attraction between compounds is unequal- electron is transferred
Table salt
Solution
Homogeneous mixtures
Air, ocean water, plant sap
Normal pH
7 water
Basic
8-14
Seawater, softsoap, ammonia, sodium hydroxide
Acidic
0-6
Normal rainwater, acid rain, lemon juice, stomach acid, cat battery
pH scale is logarithmic
Each step represents a ten fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration
Organic compounds
Carbon atoms and generally hydrogen atoms joined by covalent bonds
Inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds
Hydrocarbons
Consists solely of bonded atoms of carbon and hydrogen
Fossil fuels
Petroleum
Plastics
Hydrocarbons from petroleum —- resist chemical breakdown, moldable
Pollution
Polymers
Long chains of repeated molecules
Proteins, nucleus acids, carbohydrates
Macromolecules
Proteins
Amino acids
Nucleic acid
Direct the production of proteins
DNA
RNA
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Lipids
Fats and oils
Do not dissolve in water
Energy
Capacity to change the position, composition, temperature of matter
First law of thermodynamics
Energy can change from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed
Second law of thermodynamics
The nature of energy will change from a more ordered state to a less ordered state as long as no force counteracts with its tendency
Energy conversion efficiency
The ratio of the useful output of energy to the amount we need to input
Autotrophs
Use photosynthesis
Primary producers— green plants, algae, Cyanobacteria
Cellular respiration
Equation is the exact opposite of photosynthesis
Heterotrophs
Organisms that gain their energy by feeding on other organisms
Hydrothermal vents
On the ocean floor, jets of geothermal heated water fish into the icy-cold depths
Chemosynthesis
Bacteria use in places of no sunlight for food
Inorganic carbon to organic compound using hydrogen sulfide
Geology
The study of earths physical features processes, hx
Earth core
Solid iron (inner) Molten (outer)
Mantle
Thick layer of less dense, elastic rock
Asthenosphere
Portion of upper mantle that has soft rock, melted in some areas
Lithosphere
Harder rock above atheonsphere. Uppermost mantle and crust
Crust
Thin, brittle, low density layer of earths surface
Plate tectonics
As the mantle moves, it drags large plates of the lithosphere
Divergent plate boundaries
Push apart
Mid Atlantic ridge
Transform plate boundary
Grind along side each other
Strike and slip fault
Faults
Fracture on earths crust
San Andreas fault
Convergent plate boundaries
Subduction or collision mountains
Igneous rock
Fire
From magma or lava
Igneous intrusive
Magma cools slowly below earths surface.
Granite
Extrusive igneous rock
Lava cooled above crust
Basalt
Sedimentary rock
Sediment layers compressed over time
Sandstone
Shale
Limestone
Metamorphic rock
Subjected to heat/pressure (generally underground )
Slate from shale
Marble from limestone