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Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (62)
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1
Q

Tsunami

A

Harbor wave

Surge of seawater generated from offshore earthquake

2
Q

Matter

A

Occupies space

Solid, liquid, gas

3
Q

Chemistry

A

Ways matter interact with each other

4
Q

Law of conservation of matter

A

Matter may be transformed from one type of substance into others, but it cannot be created or destroyed

5
Q

Uranium

A

Fukushima used to power nuclear reactors

6
Q

Element

A

Fundamental type of matter, cannot be broken down (has same properties)

7
Q

Elements abundant on our planet

A

Oxygen, hydrogen, silicon, nitrogen, carbon

8
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest units that maintain chemical properties of the element

9
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles

10
Q

Neutrons

A

Particles with no electrical charge

11
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charges particles

12
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons

13
Q

Placement in atom

A

Protons and neutrons stay in nucleus and elections move about the nucleus

14
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Radioactive

“Decay” she’d subatomic particles and emit high-energy radiation

15
Q

Greatest danger of radioisotopes

A

Lungs, skin, digestive system

16
Q

Stable isotopes

A

Not radioactive anymore

17
Q

Half life

A

The amount of time it takes for one half the atoms to give off radiation and decay

18
Q

Ions

A

Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms

19
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Damaging radiation emitted by radioisotopes

20
Q

Molecules

A

Combinations of two or more atoms

21
Q

Compound

A

Molecule composed of two or more different elements ( water, CO2)

22
Q

Covalent bond

A

Electrons are shared between atoms

23
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak

Partial negative and partial positive on each end (holds water together)

24
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Strength of attraction between compounds is unequal- electron is transferred

Table salt

25
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous mixtures

Air, ocean water, plant sap

26
Q

Normal pH

A

7 water

27
Q

Basic

A

8-14

Seawater, softsoap, ammonia, sodium hydroxide

28
Q

Acidic

A

0-6

Normal rainwater, acid rain, lemon juice, stomach acid, cat battery

29
Q

pH scale is logarithmic

A

Each step represents a ten fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration

30
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbon atoms and generally hydrogen atoms joined by covalent bonds

Inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds

31
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Consists solely of bonded atoms of carbon and hydrogen

Fossil fuels
Petroleum

32
Q

Plastics

A

Hydrocarbons from petroleum —- resist chemical breakdown, moldable

Pollution

33
Q

Polymers

A

Long chains of repeated molecules

Proteins, nucleus acids, carbohydrates
Macromolecules

34
Q

Proteins

A

Amino acids

35
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Direct the production of proteins
DNA
RNA

36
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Simple sugars

37
Q

Lipids

A

Fats and oils

Do not dissolve in water

38
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to change the position, composition, temperature of matter

39
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can change from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed

40
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

The nature of energy will change from a more ordered state to a less ordered state as long as no force counteracts with its tendency

41
Q

Energy conversion efficiency

A

The ratio of the useful output of energy to the amount we need to input

42
Q

Autotrophs

A

Use photosynthesis

Primary producers— green plants, algae, Cyanobacteria

43
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Equation is the exact opposite of photosynthesis

44
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that gain their energy by feeding on other organisms

45
Q

Hydrothermal vents

A

On the ocean floor, jets of geothermal heated water fish into the icy-cold depths

46
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Bacteria use in places of no sunlight for food

Inorganic carbon to organic compound using hydrogen sulfide

47
Q

Geology

A

The study of earths physical features processes, hx

48
Q

Earth core

A
Solid iron (inner)
Molten (outer)
49
Q

Mantle

A

Thick layer of less dense, elastic rock

50
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Portion of upper mantle that has soft rock, melted in some areas

51
Q

Lithosphere

A

Harder rock above atheonsphere. Uppermost mantle and crust

52
Q

Crust

A

Thin, brittle, low density layer of earths surface

53
Q

Plate tectonics

A

As the mantle moves, it drags large plates of the lithosphere

54
Q

Divergent plate boundaries

A

Push apart

Mid Atlantic ridge

55
Q

Transform plate boundary

A

Grind along side each other

Strike and slip fault

56
Q

Faults

A

Fracture on earths crust

San Andreas fault

57
Q

Convergent plate boundaries

A

Subduction or collision mountains

58
Q

Igneous rock

A

Fire

From magma or lava

59
Q

Igneous intrusive

A

Magma cools slowly below earths surface.

Granite

60
Q

Extrusive igneous rock

A

Lava cooled above crust

Basalt

61
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Sediment layers compressed over time

Sandstone
Shale
Limestone

62
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Subjected to heat/pressure (generally underground )

Slate from shale
Marble from limestone