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1
Q

Early societies

A

Supernatural belief system: lots of “God did it”s caused by direct intervention of a god or spirit through a sorcerer or some foreign intrusion.

2
Q

Trephination

A

The most amazing procedure - using sharpened stones to drill or carve a hole into the skull. No one knows what the purpose of this was beside to release evil spirits

3
Q

The first physicians

A

Shamans - witch doctors. Highly revered individuals who provided effective medical care. Lots of plants, herbs, and prayer. Very effect psychotherapeutic effect

4
Q

Egyptian Civilizations

A

Evolutions of physicians into specialists since most of them focused on one particular part of the body. Also medicine was documented. Code of Hammurabi is possibly the first code of conduct. Beers papyrus is a medical textbook

5
Q

Greek and Roman societies

A

Religion and medicine still linked. Ex Apollo the God of the sun and health

6
Q

Hippocrates

A

The father of medicine. Three major contributions
Principle of natural rather than supernatural explanations of disease
His writings (corpus hippocraticum (70 books and essays on medicine)
His teaching of human compassion and ethical standards

7
Q

Humoral theory of disease

A

There are four natural elements in the world and four natural properties. People are healthy when the four humors are in balance and when the individual is in balance with the environment

8
Q

Hippocratic oath

A

First section expresses reciprocal comity nets

Second section is a brief summary of ethical guidelines

9
Q

History of medicine

A

Early societies, medieval and Renaissance, pre-industrial, post 1850’s

10
Q

Roman contributions to medicine

A

Recognition of unsanitary conditions contributed to the spread of disease

11
Q

Galen

A

Pivotal figure of Roman early society. A physician whose ideas dominated medicine for the next 12 centuries. Anatomy

12
Q

Medieval era

A

500 ad to 1500 ad. Medicine back slides during this period

13
Q

Monastic medicine

A

Based on the monastery. Officially controlled by the church in Byzantium (early Christian church) hostile to physicians for 2 reasons

  • Disease and illness are beneficial in that they test ones faith in God
  • All illnesses occur as punishment or possession
14
Q

Second half of medieval era

A

Scholastic medicine - universities begin to play a role in medicine education. Other things going on: epidemics diseases like the Black Death; earliest hospitals were developed during this period

15
Q

Paracelsus

A

Held that God revealed medical truth to humans through revelation

16
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

Refuted Galen’s ideas. Said his descriptions portrayed monkeys not humans

17
Q

Medicine in the Renaissance

A

Scholarly blinders of the Middle Ages discarded in favor of humanism; stressed the dignity of the individual

18
Q

Medical specialization

A

Physicians became a hot thing but surgeons were not. They just cut up people not to sure of what they what doing. Apothecaries were on the same level of surgeons - they just gave out plants.

19
Q

Preindustrial period (1600-1850)

A

Development of modern science - enlightenment
Francis bacon and Rene Descartes argued for natural explanations for events that could be understood thought observation and experimentation

20
Q

William Harvey

A

Most important physiological advancement. Confirmation of circulation of blood.

21
Q

18th century - Age of Enlightenment

A

Development of modern idea or pathology and the anatomical concept of disease. Also emergence of public health and preventative medicine

22
Q

19th century

A

Discovery of the cell (Rudolph Virchow)
Germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) modern father of medicine. Lead to discovery of the cause of tetanus, pneumonia, to, etc

23
Q

Themes of Medical History

A

I. Shifting understanding of medicine including causes of disease role of alternative healing.
II. The time lag between discovery to acceptance to impact for patients