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Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (48)
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0
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The total number of objects in an area

1
Q

Demography

A

The scientific study of population characteristics

2
Q

Physiological density

A

The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

3
Q

Agricultural density

A

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

4
Q

Doubling time

A

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

5
Q

Population pyramid

A

A country’s population displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph

6
Q

Sex ratio

A

The number of males per hundred females in a population

7
Q

Epidemiologic transition

A

Focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

8
Q

Ecumene

A

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

9
Q

Total fertility rate

A

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

10
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

11
Q

Crude death rate

A

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

12
Q

Natural increase rate

A

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

13
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

14
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1000 live births in a society

15
Q

Overpopulation

A

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

16
Q

Tomas Malthus

A

An English economist who was one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies

17
Q

Neo-Malthusian

A

Argue that in Malthus’s time only a few relatively wealthy countries had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition, characterized by rapid population increase and that the world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food

18
Q

Demographic transition model

A

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase and a higher total population

19
Q

Zero population growth

A

When a country reaches stage 4 of the demographic transition when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero

20
Q

Population densities

A

a measurement of the # of people per given unit of land

21
Q

Rate of natural increase

A

population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths

22
Q

Demographic regions

A

regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in

23
Q

Population distributions

A

how a population is spread over an area

24
Q

Natality

A

the number of live births divided by the population

25
Q

Mortality

A

the number of deaths per thousand people

26
Q

Population explosion

A

rapid growth of the world’s human population during the past century, attended by shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase

27
Q

Age distribution

A

The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population

can be used to estimate survival by calculating the difference in proportion of individuals in succeeding age classes

28
Q

disease diffusion

A

how disease spreads in a population

29
Q

J-curve

A

The shape of a line graph of population when growth is exponential

30
Q

Cohort

A

A population group that’s distinguished by a certain characteristic

31
Q

demographic equation

A

equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population during a certain time period, also taking account net migration and natural increase

32
Q

Dependency ratio

A

ratio of the economically dependent part of the population to the productive part

33
Q

Maladaptation

A

an adaption that does more harm than good

34
Q

S-curve

A

the curve that defines the rate at which technology is advancing

35
Q

Sustainability

A

how well a country can supply its residents with the proper needs

36
Q

Underpopulation

A

a sharp drop or decrease in a region’s population

37
Q

Demographic momentum

A

the tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens, a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model

38
Q

Diffusion of fertility control

A

Spread throughout the world

-shows how many kids a mother is having to see the growth of regions

39
Q

Standard of living

A

refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to the people and the way they are distributed within in a population

40
Q

Population projection

A

predicts the future population of a region

41
Q

Carrying capacity

A

tells you how many people an area can support

the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present

42
Q

Gendered space

A

areas or regions designed for men or women

43
Q

Anti-natalist policies

A

Concerned with limiting population growth

44
Q

pro-natalist policies

A

An attitude or policy that encourages childbearing

45
Q

Major population cultures

A

Relatively the same CBR and CDR

or

High CBR and low CDR

46
Q

Emerging population clusters

A

High CBR and lowering CDR

47
Q

Sparsely populated areas

A

Non-ecumene

Dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, high lands