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Flashcards in chapter 2 Deck (29)
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1
Q

career criminals

A

persistent repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around criminality

2
Q

chronic offenders

A

as defined by marvin wolfgang, robert figlio, and thorsten sellin, delinquents arrested five or more times before the age of 18, who commit a disproportionate amount of all criminal offences

3
Q

cleared

A

an offense is cleared by arrest or solved when at least one person is arrested or charged with the commission of the offense and is turned over to the court for prosecution

4
Q

conflict view of crime

A

the view that criminal law is created and enforced by those who hold political and economic power and is a tool used by the ruling class to control dissatisfied have-not members of society

5
Q

consensus view of crime

A

the view that the great majority of citizens agree that a certain behaviors must be outlawed or controlled, and that criminal law is designed to protect citizens from social harm

6
Q

corporate crime

A

crime committed by a corporation, or by individuals who control the corporation or other business entity, for such purposes as illegally increasing market share, avoiding taxes, or thwarting competition

7
Q

crime

A

a violation of social rules of conduct, interpreted and expressed by a written criminal code, created by people holding social and political power. Its content may be influenced by prevailing public sentiments, historically developed moral beliefs, and the need to protect public safety

8
Q

early onset

A

the principle or fact that kids who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an early age are the most at risk to repeat offending

9
Q

expressive crimes

A

criminal acts that serve to vent rage, anger, or frustration

10
Q

hate crimes (bias crimes)

A

criminal acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group because they share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic

11
Q

instrumental crimes

A

criminal acts intended to improve the financial or social position of the criminal

12
Q

instrumental violence

A

violent behavior that results from criminal activity designed to improve the financial status of the culprit, such as shooting someone during a bank robbery

13
Q

interactionist view of crime

A

the view that criminal law reflects the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in the society and use their influence to impose their own values and moral code on the rest of the population

14
Q

liberal feminist theory

A

an ideology holding that women suffer oppression, discrimination, and disadvantage as a result of their sex and calling for gender equality in pay, opportunity, child care, and education.

15
Q

mass murder

A

type of multiple killer who kills many victims in a single violent outburst

16
Q

moral entrepreneurs

A

people who wage campaigns to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong

17
Q

national crime victimization survey (NCVS)

A

the nations primary source of information on criminal victimization. each year, data from a national sample measure the frequency, characteristics, and consequences of criminal victimization by such crimes as rape, sexual assault, robbery, assault, theft, household burglary, and motor vehicle theft

18
Q

national incident=based reporting system (NIBRS)

A

a form of crime data collection created by the FBI requiring local police agencies to provide at least a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including the incident, victim, and offender information

19
Q

part 1 crimes

A

those crimes used by the FBI to gauge fluctuations int he overall volume and rate of crime. the offenses included were the violent crimes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and the property crimes of burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft and arson

20
Q

part 2 crimes

A

all other crimes reported to the FBI; these are less serious crimes and misdemeanors, excluding traffic violations.

21
Q

public order crimes

A

behaviors that are illegal because they run counter to existing moral standards. obscenity and prostitution are considered public order crimes

22
Q

racial threat hypothesis

A

the view that young minority males are subject to greater police control- for example, formal arrest- when their numbers increase within the population

23
Q

self-report survey

A

a research approach that questions large groups of subjects, such as high school students, about their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts

24
Q

serial killer

A

type of multiple killer who kills over a long period of time but typically assumes a “normal” identity between murders

25
Q

spree killer

A

type of multiple killer who spreads the murderous outburst over a few days or weeks

26
Q

three-strikes laws

A

sentencing codes that require than an offender receive a life sentence after conviction for a third felony. some states allow parole after a lengthy prison stay- for example 25 years

27
Q

truth-in-sentencing laws

A

laws requiring convicted felons to spend a significalnt portion oft ehir sentence behind bars

28
Q

uniform crime report (UCR)

A

the official crime data collected by the FBI from local police departments

29
Q

white-collar crime

A

white-collar crimes involve the violation of rules that control business enterprise. they include employee pilferage, bribery, commodities law violations, mail fraud, computer fraud, environmental law violations, embezzlement, internet scams, extortion, forgery, insurance fraud, price fixing, and environmental pollution.