Chapter 19: genetic technology Flashcards

1
Q

define recombinant DNA

A

DNA made from joining pieces from 2 or more different sources

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2
Q

give an overview of genetic engineering

A
  1. ) required gene is obtained
  2. ) gene is placed into vector
  3. ) gene is inserted into recieving organism’s cell
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3
Q

what is the role of restriction enzymes?

A
  • cut through DNA at specific points

- catalyses the hydrolysis reaction that breaks the sugar-phosphate backbone to form sticky ends

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4
Q

what is the role of DNA ligase?

A
  • forms recombinant DNA

- catalyses the condensation reaction that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the plasmid and DNA

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5
Q

define ‘transgenic bacteria’

A

bacteria that contains DNA that has been added to its cells following genetic engineering

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6
Q

outline the steps of PCR

A
  1. ) double stranded DNA sample is chosen
  2. ) heated to 95 degrees, strands are separated
  3. ) primers added, reduced to 55 degrees, primers anneal
  4. ) temp raised to 72 degrees. DNA polymerase binds and extends primers using free nucleotides
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7
Q

what is electrophoresis?

A

the process that separates DNA fragments based on size. It is used for identification and analyasis of DNA

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8
Q

outline the steps of electrophoresis

A
  1. ) DNA fragmented by restriction enzymes
  2. ) DNA placed into wells. Gel put into buffer solution and an electric current passed through
  3. ) DNA is stained
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9
Q

what are DNA probes?

A

single-stranded DNA that is complementary to the DNA being investigated. It can be labelled with markers

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10
Q

outline the steps involved in a microarray

A
  1. ) test and reference single-stranded DNA identified
  2. ) DNA labelled with fluorescent dyes
  3. ) microarray with DNA probes
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11
Q

why are promoters important for genetic engineering?

A

inserted alongside the gene so that RNA polymerase can bind to begin transcription

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12
Q

what is the function of reverse transcriptase?

A
  • mRNA is isolated
  • reverse transcriptase makes the complementary DNA strand
  • DNA ligase makes the c.DNA (complementary strand)
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13
Q

define ‘gene therapy’

A

treating genetic disorders with genetic engineering

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14
Q

give 3 disadvantages of somatic gene therapy

A
  1. ) treatment is short-lived: the gene will not divide to pass on the allele
  2. ) difficulty getting allele into genome. Genetically modified virus vectors mean the host becomes immune, and liposomes are also ineffective
  3. ) genetic manipulations are restricted to the actual patient
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15
Q

give an overview of SCID

A
  • caused by the presence of defective gene for making adenosine deaminase enzyme
  • a retrovirus was engineered to contain the normal ADA gene
  • viral infection means ADA gene is taken up
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16
Q

symptoms of SCID

A
  • defective ADA causes the destruction of T-lymphocytes
17
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A
  • caused by recessive allele of gene making CFTR
  • CFTR acts as a chlorine ion transporter
  • less H20 moves out of cell, so mucus is thicker
18
Q

disadvantages of genetic modification

A
  • no long-lasting effects
  • risk of immune response to transferred gene
  • viruses may cause immune responses
  • disorders caused by multiple alleles cannot be treated
19
Q

advantages of genetic modification

A
  • can eliminate/ prevent hereditary conditions
  • people born with conditions have a chance at life
  • can eradicate diseases for future generations
20
Q

bioinformatics definition

A

the collection, processing and analyasis of biological information and data using computer software

21
Q

genetic screening definition

A

analysing someone’s DNA to check for the presence of a particular allele

22
Q

what are sticky ends?

A

unpaired bases

23
Q

give examples of vectors

A

plasmids, viruses and liposomes