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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 19 - Blood Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Blood Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

Blood is a ______ type of connective tissue

A

specialized

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2
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are functions of blood

A
  1. transport of dissolved gasses
  2. regulation of ph
  3. restriction of fluid loss at site of injury
  4. defense against toxins and pathogens
  5. stabilization of body temp
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3
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

blood is a fluid connective tissue with a matrix called

A

plasma

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4
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

plasma accounts for ____ of the volume of whole blodo

A

43-63%

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5
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

____ accounts for 92% of the volume of plasma

A

water

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6
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

blood also contains ______ that are suspended in the plasma

A

blood cell fragments

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7
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

suspended blood cell fragments are called

A

formed elements of blood

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8
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how many types of formed elements of blood are there

A

3

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9
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are the formed elements of blood

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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10
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are the most numerous of the cells in the blood

A

red blood cells

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11
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

which cells are invovled with immune system

A

white blood cells

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12
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

plasma and formed elements together constitute

A

whole blood

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13
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what is the temperature of whole blood

A

38 C

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14
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

blood is ____ times as viscous as water

A

5

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15
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

ph of blood is

A

7.4

slightly alkaine

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16
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how many liters of blood in adult male

A

5-6

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17
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how many liters of blood in adult female

A

4-5

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18
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

plasma contains dissolved ____

A

proteins

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19
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

there are ____ classes of dissolved proteins in plasma

A

3

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20
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are the 3 classes of proteins in plasma

A

albumens
globulins
fibrinogen

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21
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what makes up 60% of the plasma proteins

A

albumens

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22
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what makes up 35% of the plasma proteins

A

globulins

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23
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what contributes to the osmotic pressure of plasma

A

albumens

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24
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what makes up the antibodies of the immune system

A

globuins

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25
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what protein functions in blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

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26
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what is the production of RBC

A

hemopoiesis

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27
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

during fetal development blood cells are formed from

A

embryonic stem cells

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28
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are the fetal embryonic stem cells that produce the blood cells first in life called

A

hemocytoblasts

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29
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

where does fetal blood production occur

A

liver and spleen

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30
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how long does the liver and spleen produce blood cells

A

up to 5th month of fetal devolpment

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31
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

after 5th month of fetal development, the blood is produced where

A

bone marrow

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32
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

rbc contain pigment

A

hemoglobin

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33
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what is the attachment site for oxygen molecules on the RBC

A

hemoglobin

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34
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how many molecules of oxygen can one molecule of hemoglobin carry

A

4

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35
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what is the most abundant cells present in the formed elements of blood

A

rbcs

99.9%

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36
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

one drop of blood contains approx _____ rbcs

A

260 million

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37
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

blood of average adult has ______ rbcs

A

25 trillion

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38
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

_____ is the percentage of whole blood in the occupied by cellular elements

A

hematocrit

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39
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

each rbc is a _____ disc

A

biconcave

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40
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

rbc has a _____ central region and a ____ outer regain

A

thin

thick

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41
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

the _____ of rbc determines its function in the body

A

shape

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42
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

form/function of rbcs

A

gives the rbc a large ratio of surface area to volumen
it enables the rbcs to form stacks that smooth the flow of blood thru a vessel
it enables them to bend and flex when entering small capillaries

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43
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

rbcs lack

A

nuclei and ribosomes

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44
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

can rbcs divide

A

no

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45
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what is the lifespan of rbc

A

120 days

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46
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

once a rbc is in circulation 120 days it is

A

phagocytized and eliminated thru the urine

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47
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what rate are rbcs replaced in blood

A

3 million per second

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48
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

hemoglobin accounts for ____ of the proteins in the blood

A

95%

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49
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

measurements of hemoglobin in male/female adutls

A

14-18 g/dl

12-16 g/dl

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50
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

hemoglobin is responsible for

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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51
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

hemoglobin has a structure that contains ______

A

four heme group

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52
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

the ______ binds to the ____ molecule on the heme group

A

oxygen

iron

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53
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

when oxygen and iron form on the heme group this is formed

A

oxyhemoglobin

54
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

oxyhemoglobin travels to _______ where the oxygen is released and provides oxygen to the tissue cells for the ______ of the cells

A

body tissues

metabolic processes

55
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

once the life span of rbc is complete the cell is phagocytized and sent to

A

kidney

56
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

once sent to kidney dead rbc are sent out

A

urine

57
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

when urine is brown or red the amount of broken down rbc is high. this is called

A

hematuria

58
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

breakdown of globulin in blood get assembled into

A

amino acids

59
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

each heme group from rbc when broken down is converted to

A

biliverdin

60
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

biliverdin is convert in the blood stream into

A

bilirubin

61
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

bilirubin binds with

A

albumin

62
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

bilirubin/albumin are sent to the ____ to be excreted as

A

liver

bile

63
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

rbc production is called

A

erythropoiesis

64
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

erythropoiesis occurs in adults in

A

red bone marrow

65
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

red bone marrow is also called

A

myeloid tisuse

66
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

stages of erthropoiesis

A
  1. hemocytoblasts divide into myeloid stem cells
  2. white blood cells divide into lymphoid cells
  3. reticulocyte formation:
67
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are immature rbcs

A

reticulocyte

68
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how long for a reticulocyte to mature to rbc

A

24 hours

69
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

hormone that stimulates rbc production

A

erythropoietin

70
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how is blood classified

A

types A, B, AB, O,

71
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what determines blood type

A

presence of certain cell membrane antigens

72
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are surface antigens of rbc called

A

agglutinogens

73
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how many surface antigens

A

3

74
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are the surface antigens

A

A
B
Rh or D

75
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what is difference between wbc and rbc

A

wbc lack hemoglobin
contain ribosomes
are nucleated

76
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

wbc are the _____ cells of the body

A

immune

77
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

function of wbc

A

defend against invading pathogens

remove toxins and abnormal/damaged cells

78
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

wbc are divided into ____ groups

A

2

79
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are the groups of wbcs

A

granular

agranular

80
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

a microliter of blood contains ______ wbcs

A

6000-9000

81
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

where are most of the wbc stored

A

connective tissue of body

lymph organs

82
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

do wbc travel all the time in the blood stream

A

no only short time

83
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

why would wbc be in blood

A

traveling to injured tissue site

84
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

4 characteristics of wbcs

A

capable of amoeboid movement
can migrate out of blood stream
attracted to specific chemical stimuli
some wbcs are capable of phagocytizing other cells

85
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are 5 types of wbcs

A 
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinphils
basophils
86
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

which type of wbc accounts for 50-70% of the wbcs

A

neutrophils

87
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

other name for neutrophils and why

A

polymorphonuclear (PMN)

appearance of nucleus

88
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

which wbcs are first responders

A

neutrophils.

89
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

neutrophils attack what

A

bacteria

90
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

which type of wbcs are 20-30% of the wbcs

A

lymphocytes

91
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

how many classes of lymphocytes

A

3

92
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are the classes of lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
Natural Killer (NK)

93
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

which type of wbc is the macrophages of the immune system

A

monocytes

94
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what wbcs attack parasites

A

eosinophils

95
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what wbcs release histamine when battling allergens

A

basophils

96
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

where are wbcs produced

A

bone marrow

97
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what divides into the lymphoid stem cells

A

hemocytoblasts

98
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what goes on to become wbcs

A

lymphoid stem cells

99
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

wbcs can mature in which organs

A

spleen

thymus

100
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

another name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

101
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

life span of platelets

A

9-12 days

102
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

1/3 of body’s platelets are stored where

A

spleen

103
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

functions of platelets

A

transporting chemicals involved in clotting
formation of temp patch on the walls of damaged blood vessels
active contraction after clot formation to shrink the size of the hole being plugged

104
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

platelet production occurs in

A

bone marrow

105
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

platelets form large cells called

A

megakaryocytes

106
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what is term for stopping of bleeding in damaged tissues

A

hemostasis

107
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

hemostasis occurs in ____ stages

A

3

108
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what are 3 stages of hemostasis

A

vascular
platelet
coagulation

109
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

vascular stage

A

wall of damaged vessel will spasm to decrease the diameter of the vessel

110
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

platelet stage

A

platelets attach to the endothelial surface of vessel and will attract more to stick to them forming a platelet plug

111
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

coagulation phase

A

where clotting occurs

112
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

most of the clotting factors are produced where

A

liver

113
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

plasma contains several _______ used for feedback to prevent abnormal clotting of blood

A

anticoagulante or anticlotting factors

114
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

3 anticoagulants

A

antithrombin III
Heparin
Thrombomodulin

115
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

antrithrobin III inhibits

A

thrombin

116
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

heparin is released by

A

basophils

117
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

function of heparin

A

prevent clotting

118
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

heparin activated

A

antithrombin III

119
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

thrombomdulin is released by

A

endothelial cells

120
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what forms substance protein C

A

thrombomodulin

thrombin

121
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

substance protein C stimulated production of

A

plasmin

122
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

plasmin breaks down

A

fibrin strands of clot

123
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what two substances are involved with clotting process

A

Calcium

Vitamin K

124
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

______ must be present in liver to produce the clotting factor prothrombin

A

Vit K

125
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

where can Vitamin K be found (foods)

A

green veggies
grain
organ meats

126
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

what produces half of daily requirement of Vit K

A

large intestine

127
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

abnormal drifting blood clot. can become stuck in a vessel and stop the blood flow

A

embolus

128
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

abnormal blood clot attached to a blood vessel wall

A

thrombus

129
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

anticoagulant drug that blocks the clotting factors bu blocking the action of vitamin k

A

coumadin aka Warfarin

130
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

activated antitrombin

A

heparin

131
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

inactivated platelt enzymes and will reduce the sensitivity of the clotting process

A

asprin

132
Q

Chapter 19 - Blood

hereditary disorder inadequate production of clotting factors

A

hemophilia

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