Chapter 18.1 Cells and secretions mediating Immune response Flashcards Preview

Vanders Human Physiology (PHYSL 210) > Chapter 18.1 Cells and secretions mediating Immune response > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 18.1 Cells and secretions mediating Immune response Deck (34)
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1
Q

White blood cells are known as

A

Leukocytes

2
Q

Unlike erythrocytes, ______ can leave the circulatory system to enter the tissues where they function

A

Unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes can leave​ the circulatory system to enter the tissues where they function

3
Q

What are the two groups that leukocytes can be classified into (based on the type of stem cell from which they differentiate)?

A
  1. myeloid cells
  2. lymphoid cells
4
Q

What are the four types of myeloid cells?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. basophils
  3. eosinophils
  4. monocytes
5
Q

_____ are another immune cell derived from myeloid precursor cells

A

macrophages are another immune cell derived from myeloid precursor cells

6
Q

Macrophages are found in virtually all organs and are derived from _____ that pass through the walls of blood vessels to enter the tissues and transform into macrophages

A

Macrophages are found in virtually all organs and are derived from monocytes that pass through the walls of blood vessels to enter the tissues and transform into macrophages

7
Q

Myeloid-derived cells distinct from macrophages but have macrophage-like functions are termed:

A

Dendritic cells - because of extensions from their plasma membranes

8
Q

_____ are found throughout connective tissues, particularly beneath the epithelial surfaces of the body and are derived from the differentiation of a unique set of bone marrow myeloid cells that have entered the blood and then left the blood to enter connective tissue for cell division

A

Mast Cells are found throughout connective tissues, particularly beneath the epithelial surfaces of the body and are derived from the differentiation of a unique set of bone marrow myeloid cells ​that have entered the blood and then left the blood to enter connective tissue for cell division

9
Q

Mast cells have a very large number of ______ _____ which secrete locally acting chemicals such as ______

A

Mast cells have a very large number of cytosolic vesicles which secrete locally acting chemicals such as histamine

10
Q

Lymphoid cells include several types of ______

A

Lymphocytes

11
Q

Name four types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B lymphocytes (B-cells)
  2. T lymphocytes (T-cells)
  3. Natural killer (NK) cells
  4. plasma cells - (differentiate from B cells during immune response)
12
Q

Lymphocytes serve as ______ cells in _____ immune response and are essential for all aspects of these responses

A

Lymphocytes serve as recognition cells in adaptive immune response and are essential for all aspects of these responses

13
Q

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells have a variety of activities, but particularly important is their ability to _____ _____ _____ and to function as _______ (any cell capable of phagocytosis)

A

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells have a variety of activities, but particularly important is their ability to secrete inflammatory mediators and to function as phagocytes (any cell capable of phagocytosis)

14
Q

For Neutrophils, name the

  • site where it’s produced
  • function(s) (2)
A

Neutrophils

  • Produced in Bone marrow
  • Functions:
    1. Phagocytosis
    2. Release chemicals involved in inflammation (vasodilators, chemotaxins etc)
15
Q

For Basophils name

  • Site where it’s produced
  • function (1)
  • Myeloid cell or lymphoid
A

For Basophils name

  • Produced in Bone Marrow
  • Functions in the blood similar to mast cells in tissue cells (release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation)
  • Myeloid cell
16
Q

For Eosinophils name

  • Site where it’s produced
  • functions (2)
  • Myeloid cell or lymphoid cell?
A
  • Produced in Bone marrow
  • Functions:
    1. Destroy multicellular parasites
    2. participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • Myeloid cell
17
Q

For Monocytes name

  • Site where it’s produced
  • function (2)
  • Myeloid cell or lymphoid cell?
A
  • Produced in Bone marrow
  • Functions:
    1. carry out functions in blood similar to the functions macrophages carry out in tissues (phagocytosis, extracellular killing via secretion of toxic chemicals, secrete cytokines involved in inflammation etc)
    2. Enter tissues and transform into macrophages
  • Myeloid cell
18
Q

Lymphocytes (B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, helper t-cells, NK cells) mature in the _____ (B-cells and NK cells) and ______ (T-cells) and are activated in _____ _____ _____

A

Lymphocytes (B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, helper t-cells, NK cells) mature in the bone marrow (B-cells and NK cells) and thymus (T-cells) and are activated in peripheral lymphoid organs

19
Q

What are three function of B-cells?

  1. B-cells initiate ________ immune responses by binding specific ____ to the B cell’s plasma membrane receptors, which are ______
  2. Upon activation, are transformed into _____ which secrete _____
  3. Present antigen to ______ _____
A
  1. B-cells initiate antibody-mediated immune responses by binding specific antigens to the B cell’s plasma membrane receptors, which are immunoglobulins
  2. Upon activation, are transformed into Plasma cells which secrete antibodies
  3. Present antigen to helper t-cells
20
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ cells)?

A

Bind to antigens on the plasma membrane of target cells (virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and tissue transplants) and directly destroy the cells

21
Q

What is the function of Helper T-Cells (CD4+ cells)?

A

Secrete cytokines that help to activate B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, NK cells and macrophages

22
Q

What are two functions of NK cells?

A
  1. Bind directly and nonspecifically to virus-infected cells and cancer cells and kill them
  2. Function as killer cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
23
Q

Where are plasma cells produced and what is their function?

A
  • Produced in the Peripheral lymphoid organs;
    • differentiate from B-cells during immune responses
  • Secrete antibodies
24
Q

Macrophages are produced in _______; reside in ______ and differentiate from _______.

A

Macrophages are produced in Bone Marrow; reside in almost all tissues and organs and differentiate from monocytes.

25
Q

What are four functions of Macrophages?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. extracellular killing via secretion of toxic chemicals
  3. Process and present antigens to Helper T-Cells
  4. Secrete cytokines involved in inflammation, activation and differentiation of helper T-cells, and systemic responses to infection or injury (the acute phase response)
26
Q

Where are dendritic cells produced and what are their two functions?

A
  • Produced in almost all tissues and organs; microglia in the central nervous system (CNS)
  • Functions:
    • Phagocytosis
    • Antigen presentation
27
Q

Where are mast cells produced, where do they reside and what do they differentiate from?

What is their function?

A
  • Bone marrow; reside in almost all tissues and organs; differentiate from bone marrow cells
  • Release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation
28
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Collective name given to protein messengers that regulate host cell division (mitosis) and function in both innate and adaptive immune responses

29
Q

Given the cytokines, name the

  • source
  • target cells
  • major functions

Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 6

A
  • Source:
    • Antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages
  • Target cells:
    • Helper T-cells
    • Certain brain cells
    • Numerous systemic cells
  • Functions:
    • Stimulate IL-2 receptor expression
    • induce fever
    • stimulate systemic responses to inflammation, infection and injury
30
Q

Given the cytokine, name the

  • source
  • target cells
  • Functions

Interleukin 2

A
  • Source:
    • Most immune cells
  • Target Cells:
    • Helper T-Cells
    • cytotoxic T-Cells
    • NK cells
    • B-cells
  • Functions
    • Stimulate proliferation
    • Promote conversion to plasma cells
31
Q

Given the cytokine, name the

  • source
  • target cells
  • Functions

Interferons (type I)

A
  • Source:
    • Most cell types
  • Target Cells
    • Most cell types
  • Function:
    • Stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins (INNATE response)
32
Q

Given the cytokine, name the

  • source
  • target cells
  • Functions

Interferons (Type II)

A
  • Source:
    • NK cells
    • Activated Helper T-Cells
  • Target Cells
    • NK cells
    • macrophages
  • Functions:
    • Stimulate proliferation and secretion of cytotoxic compounds
33
Q

Given the cytokine, name the

  • source
  • target cells
  • Functions

Chemokines

A
  • Source:
    • Damaged cells included endothelial cells
  • Target Cells:
    • Neutrophils and other leukocytes
  • Function:
    • Facilitate accumulation of leukocytes at sites of injury and inflammation
34
Q
A