Chapter 18 - Vocabulary

Question 1

Released by the posterior pituitary gland, stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the wall of the female’s uterus, promoting labor and delivery

Answer 1

Oxytocin (OXT)

Question 3

Released by the anterior pituitary gland, an acute rise in this triggers ovulation in women, and stimulates production of testosterone in men.

Answer 3

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 5

Released by the thyroid, it affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate. (Smaller amount of this than its counterpart - about 15%)

Answer 5

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 6

Produced by the pituitary gland, its key function is to stimulate the production and release of cortisol from the cortex of the adrenal gland.

Answer 6

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 7

A steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.

Answer 7

Testosterone

Question 8

The main type of estrogen

Answer 8

Estradiol

Question 9

Plays a role in maintaining pregnancy. The hormone is produced in the ovaries, the placenta (when a woman gets pregnant) and the adrenal glands. It helps prepare your body for conception and pregnancy and regulates the monthly menstrual cycle.

Answer 9

Progesterone

Question 11

Controlled by the hypothalamus and in turn controls several other glands

Answer 11

Pituitary gland

Question 12

Released by the hypothalamus, stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. (Which then causes the adrenal cortex to release ACTH)

Answer 12

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 14

A steroid hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Stimulates calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract.

Answer 14

Calcitriol

Question 17

In females, these steroid hormones are produced in the ovaries under FSH and LH stimulation.

Answer 17

Estrogens

Question 18

Released by the thyroid gland, it inhibits osteoclasts to slow release of Ca2+ from bone, and stimulates Ca2+ release from kidneys

Answer 18

Calcitonin (CT)

Question 19

Hormone released by beta cells when blood glucose concentrations exceed normal levels (70–110 mg/dl). Effects include: Accelerating Glucose Uptake, Accelerating Glucose Utilization, and others

Answer 19

Insulin

Question 20

Released by the thyroid, travels to the organs and is converted to its active form - triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 20

Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

Question 21

A hormone released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues. It stimulates the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

Answer 21

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 22

Released by the pituitary gland, helps control menstrual cycle in women and production of sperm in men.

Answer 22

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 25

Released by the adrenal cortex, it stimulates the conservation of sodium ions and the elimination of potassium ions in response to a drop in the body’s Na+ content. (Also increases the sensitivity of salt receptors in the taste buds of the tongue. As a result, a person’s interest in, and consumption of, salty food increases.)

Answer 25

Aldosterone

Question 26

Cells in this gland synthesize the hormone melatonin from molecules of the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is located in the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle.

Answer 26

Pineal gland

Question 28

Released by the pineal gland, its primary function is influencing circadian rhythms. It also inhibits reproductive functions and is an effective antioxidant.

Answer 28

Melatonin

Question 31

Released by alpha cells, it stimulates the production and release of glucose by the liver, stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue, and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 31

Glucagon

Question 32

Primarily an exocrine organ that makes digestive enzymes.

Answer 32

Pancreas

Question 34

Released by the parathyroid glands, it affects osteoclast and osteoblast activity to mobilize calcium from bone, stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the kidneys, and stimulates the release of calcitriol by the kidneys

Answer 34

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 37

Released by the pituitary gland, helps women make breast milk.

Answer 37

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 38

Released by the pituitary gland, causes the thyroid gland to make triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) (T3 and T4 help control your body’s metabolism)

Answer 38

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 40

Released by the anterior pituitary gland, it stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration

Answer 40

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 43

Made in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, it acts on the kidneys to retain water and decrease urination.

Answer 43

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)