Chapter 18-20 Flashcards

1
Q

Reaction assumptions

A

Reactions are spontaneous: nothing can predict whether given substances will react
Reactions are fast: for a reaction to be useful it must occur within a reasonable time
Reactions are quantitative: is more than 99% complete, at least one reactant is completely used up, a reaction goes until completion
Reactions are stoichiometric: there is a simple whole number ratio of chemical amounts (moles) of reactants and products

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2
Q

Writing net ionic equations

A

Cancel identical entities that appear on both reactant and product sides, when cancelling spectator ions they must be identical in every way (# of miles, form, and state)

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3
Q

Review of chemical reactions

A

Formation= element> compound
Decomposition=compound>
element
Single replacement: element+compound >element+compound
Double replacement: compound+compound >compound+compound
Combustion: substance+ oxygen> common oxides

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4
Q

Mole ratio

A

Multiply the known amount of moles by the unknown molar coefficient and divide by the known molar coefficient
N* n unknown/ n known

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5
Q

Percent yield

A

Evaluates the overall experiment, is the ratio of the actual or experimental quantity of product obtained to the theoretical yield obtained from stoichiometry calculation
Percent yield=actual yield/ predicted yield x100

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6
Q

Common sources of experiment uncertainty

A

All measurements
Purity of the grade of chemical used
Washing precipitate(fine particles may be lost)
Qualitative measurements(estimations that affect measurements)

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7
Q

Stoichiometry

A

The description of the relative quantities of the reactants and products by chemical amounts (moles)

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8
Q

Gravimetric stoichiometry

A

The procedure for calculating the masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction, chemical amount calculations are made from mass measurements

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9
Q

Gas stoichiometry

A

Stoichiometry is extended to gases using gas volume, pressure, temperature, molar volume, and ideal gas law

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10
Q

Solution stoichiometry

A

The application of stoichiometric calculation principles to solutions

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11
Q

Chemical reactions do not explain

A

Pressure and temperature conditions
Progress and process of a reaction
Measurable quantities

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12
Q

Quantitative reaction

A

One that is more than 99% complete

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13
Q

Stoichiometric reaction

A

There is a simple whole number ratio of chemical amounts of reactants and products

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14
Q

Net ionic equation

A

A chemical reaction equation that includes only reacting entities (molecules, atoms, ions) and omits any that do not change

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15
Q

Spectator ion

A

An ion that is present but does not take part in a chemical reaction

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16
Q

Limiting reagent

A

The reactant whose entities are completely consumed in a reaction, meaning reaction stops when all reactant is used up and none remains

17
Q

Excess reagent

A

Reactant whose entities are present in surplus amounts, so that some remains after the reaction ends