Chapter 17

Question 1

340

What is the difference between fires 100 years ago and modern fires?

Answer 1

Hundred years ago buyers within structures were fuel limited, without intervention the fire would consume all of the fuel.

Modern fires are ventilation limited, resulting in a different time – temperature curve. In ventilation limited fires the limiting factor is oxygen once supplied by FFers opening of the structure the fire can rapidly proceed to flashover.

Question 2

341

UL laboratories identifies four factors that distinguish modern dwellings from legacy dwellings built before 1980.

Answer 2

Larger homes
Open house geometries
Increase fuel loads
New construction materials

The rate of heat released by burning contents is exponentially higher, resulting in the fire within the room rapidly running out of air. Once a new source of air is introduced the fire will quickly develop.

Question 3

342

Flow path

Answer 3

Flow path is the volume between and inlet and exhaust that allows the movement of heat and smoke from a higher pressure area within the fire area towards a lower pressure areas assessable the doors, windows, and other openings.

Question 4

342

What were the lessons learned from the Gov.’s Island experiments in 2012 (4)

Answer 4

1. It is essential to control access door to restrict introduction of air, thereby delaying flashover.
2. The only way to go from ventilation limited to fuel limited is through application of water before vertical ventilation.
3. softening the target by applying 30- 90 seconds of water into the compartment dramatically reduces fire development/improves conditions.
4. You cannot make a big enough ventilation hole to localize fire growth or reduced temperatures in ventilation limited structures fires.

Question 5

342

How can you limit the releasing of heat and increase in temperature rise inside of ventilation control fire?

Answer 5

Limiting flow paths until fire suppression water is ready to be applied….shut the door

Question 6

343
When operating inside a structure fire what is important for the officer to remember when performing suppression activities? (2)

Answer 6

The officers personal and physical involvement in fire suppression activities should never override supervisory duties.

The officer as well as participating in the operation must constantly evaluate their effectiveness.

Question 7

343
The fire officers role is to review the entire area of responsibility, monitor progress, coordinate with other companies, and lookout for hazards. How does the officer balance the level of supervision?

Answer 7

The level of supervision should be balanced with the experience of the company members and the nature of the assignment.

Question 8

344

How does a fire officer have success using and authoritative style of leadership?

Answer 8

Success using an authoritative style comes when the officer has developed the trust and confidence before the incident. The officer has demonstrated sound knowledge of the technical aspects of firefighting and demonstrated trustworthiness.

Question 9

344

Size-up

Answer 9

Systematic process of gathering and processing information to evaluate the situation and then translating that information into a plan.

Question 10

344

When does size up begin and end?

Answer 10

Size up begins long before arrival and continues until the incident is stabilized

Information is continually gathered and processed to determine whether the plan is working or are adjustments required

Question 11

345

What is the end result of a good size-up?

Answer 11

An incident action plan that considers all the pertinent information, define strategies and tactics, and assigns resources to complete those tactics.

Question 12

345

How does the fire officer predict where the fire is burning and where it will spread?

Answer 12

Fire officer must understand basic fire dynamics of conduction conviction and radiation to predict where the fire will spread.

Question 13

345

The specific size-up of for an incident begins where?

Answer 13

With the dispatch

Question 14

345

What does visualization mean in terms of the size up?

Answer 14

Every previous situation that the fire officer has experienced or observed in training sessions photos videos are stored in the individual’s memory. when any situations observed the mind subconsciously looks for matching image credit template for this new observation.

Question 15

345

What is indicated by dark smoke

Answer 15

Indication that there’s more carbon particles suspended in the smoke and less oxygen….also dark smoke churning indicates a high heat release rate, flashover conditions.

Soften the target with a quick application of water, coordinate vent efforts with hose crew

Question 16

345
Class A combustibles normally dictate direct attack with water whereas class B combustibles require\_\_\_\_.

Answer 16

The use of foams

Question 17

345

Lloyd Leyman’s five-step size of process:

Answer 17

1. Facts…. preplanning- -preincident plan
2. Probabilities….what is likely to happen
3. Situation…. capability of resources, personnel,# of units
4. Decision…. attack decision?
5. Plan of operation…. action plan

Question 18

346
Lloyd Leyman’s five-step size-up process:
Facts

Answer 18

Facts are the things that are known about the situation.

Pre-incident planning gives construction type, fire protection systems, flow requirements, water sources, and special hazards.

The more facts the officer can secure the more accurate the size up will be.

Question 19

346
Lloyd Leyman’s five-step size-up process:
Probabilities

Answer 19

What is likely to happen or can be anticipated to happen based on the known facts.

Where is the fire likely to spread given our tactics and the amount of time it will take to achieve them.

Question 20

346
Lloyd Leyman’s five-step size-up process:
Situation

Answer 20

The situation assessment involves three considerations

1. Are resources on scene and in route sufficient to handle the incident?
2. Are the specific capabilities/limitations of responding resources sufficient in relation to the problem?
3. Does the personnel have the capability based on training and experience to handle the situation?

Question 21

346
Lloyd Leyman’s five-step size-up process:
Decision

Answer 21

This step requires the fire officer to make specific judgment decisions based on the known facts and probabilities, as well as the situational evaluation.

1. Are there enough resources responding for situation?
2. Are sufficient resources available, and do conditions allow for interior attack?
3. What is the most effective assignment of on scene resources?
4. What is the most effective assignment of responding resources?

Question 22

346
Lloyd Leyman’s five-step size-up process:
Plan of Operation

Answer 22

Develop the actual plan that will be used to mitigate the incident

Question 23

346

National Fire Academy Size-up Process:

Answer 23

1. Pre-incident information… what you know before
2. Initial size up… receipt of alarm/ what you see on arrival
3. Ongoing size up… continually

Question 24

346
National Fire Academy Size-up Process:
Phase One: Pre-incident Information

Answer 24

Mirrors Layman, what you know before incident occurs.
Preincident plans and the information they provide, if not preincident exist this information will have to come from observations on scene.

Question 25

347
National Fire Academy Size-up Process:
Phase Two: Initial Size up

Answer 25

Begins when you receive the alarm. Three questions need to be answered.

1. What do I have? info phase1, 360 observe conditions
2. Where is it going? fire stage/where likely go/vent-ctrl?
3. How can I control it? strategies must be based on resources available, and if needed additional resources

Mirrors Layman’s situation step

Question 26

347
National Fire Academy Size-up Process:
Phase three: Ongoing size up

Answer 26

Addresses the need to continually size of the situation as it evolves. Ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of the plan being executed, prepared to modify the plan if situation changes. The ongoing size up requires a constant flow of feedback information to the incident commander.

Question 27

347

What determines the appropriate strategy of an incident (offensive, defensive, or transitional)?

Answer 27

The risk-benefit analysis determines the appropriate strategy.

Question 28

347

When Incident Commander, using a risk-benefit analysis, selects an offense of mode there must be…

Answer 28

Lives or valuable property that can be saved to justify taking the risk to firefighters.

Question 29

347

When the incident commander, using a risk-benefit analysis, selects defensive mode the reasoning must be…

Answer 29

Risk outweigh the expected benefits, the building and its contents would be a total loss even if aggressive into attack could control the fire.

Question 30

348
Fire crews initial attack is made with exterior master stream to knock down a large body of fire, while crews prepared to conduct an offensive interior operation. This is an example of ______.

Answer 30

A transitional operation, transitional attack

Question 31

348
After size-up IC develops an IAP based on _____.

What are the two main components to an incident action plan?

Answer 31

The incident priorities

1. Determination of appropriate strategy.
2. Development of tactics to execute the strategy.

Question 32

348

Explain the difference between strategies and tactics.

Answer 32

Strategies: are general, strategies are equivalent to goals

Tactics: are specific and measurable, tactics are the objectives used to meet the goals

IC identifies the strategic goal and then identifies tactical objectives that are required to reach this goal. Resources are assigned to perform individual task that allow the tactical objectives to be achieved.

Question 33

348

There are three basic priorities of an incident action plan:

Answer 33

Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation

Question 34

349
Tactical priorities (Lloyd Layman):

Answer 34

1. Rescue- Iife safety of FFer highest, best method protecting occupant from harm is extinguish fire quickly
2. Exposures- prevent incident from growing, most important when resources insufficient to control fire. Best method protecting exposures is put out fire quickly.
3. Confinement- Prevent fire spreading uninvolved areas
4. Extinguishment-putting out the fire
5. Overhaul- make sure fire is completely out

Ventilation- remove products of combustion, when vent controlled door control and FA need to be highly coordinated.

Salvage- protecting property that could be damaged by fire, smoke, or water (and us). Includes securing the building.

Question 35

350

What items should the fire officer encourage firefighters to stash on the apparatus?

Answer 35

Pair of socks, gloves, towel and a knit cap

may add…T-shirt, shorts, and coveralls to have dried close after a soaking

Question 36

350

What three situations should require to disrobe at the scene?

Answer 36

Exposure to asbestos building components
Drug laboratories
Chemical/biological weapons

the reason for the stash of clothes

Question 37

351

What is the difference between RIC and IRIC?

Answer 37

RIC: a dedicated crew of firefighters who are signed for rapid deployment to rescue lost or trapped members

IRIC: Two members from the initial attack crew, required to stay outside to affect rescue

Question 38

352

Personal accountability report PAR

Answer 38

Systematic method of accounting for all personnel at an emergency incident. Fire officer must be a visual or physical contact with all members to verify status

Question 39

353
How are tactical priorities broken down to be accomplished by companies?

What are the task for each tactical priority:

Exposure
Fire Confinement
Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation 
Salvage

Answer 39

Tactical priorities are subdivided into task and assigned to companies. Task are specific assignments that are typically performed by one company or a small number of companies working together.

Exposure: water supply, master streams/handline

Fire Confinement: advancing handlines to origin, into stairways, attic (cutoff lines)

Extinguishment: water supply, advancing a hardline to seat of fire and applying water (Fire Attack)

Overhaul: pulling ceilings/walls in burned areas, removing door/flooring trim

Ventilation: Vertical vent, horizontal vent, PPV, negative pressure vent, natural vent

Salvage: throwing salvage covers, removing lingering smoke, soak up water from floors, dc sprinklers, removing important items

Question 40

353
How does the incident commander figure out which task should be performed when dealing with an abundance of tasks and limited resources.

Answer 40

The incident commander should be used the tactical priorities to determine the relative importance of each task that needs to be performed.

Question 41

354

More civilians died in fires occurring in _____ than any other type of occupancy

Answer 41

One and two family dwellings

Question 42

356
Low-rise multiple family dwellings with 13 R automatic sprinkler systems tend to be taller with longer hallways allowed by the protection of the fire sprinklers. Where are these buildings susceptible to rapid-fire growth?

Answer 42

The 13 are system does not protect the attic or void spaces. Consequently fires that started in these areas are likely to spread rapidly.

Question 43

356

Because of the complexity of a high-rise fire, the incident commander often expands the ICS to include ____

Answer 43

Planning, Operations, and Logistics

and appoints staff to fill Safety officer, liaison officer, and public information officer

Question 44

356

Logistics section is divided into what two branches?

Answer 44

The service branch- responsible for communications and firefighter rehabilitation, headed by Service Branch Director.

The support branch- responsible for ensuring adequate supplies, personnel, and equipment are available, headed by Support Branch Director.

Question 45

356

Typically where is the support branch director located?

Answer 45

The support branch director is often located at the base.

Question 46

356

Base

Answer 46

An area where the primary logistic functions are coordinated and administrated. The incident command post may be co-located with the base.

Question 47

356

What is the first priority for the support branch at a High-Rise Alarm?

Answer 47

Spare SCBA cylinders

Question 48

356

Lobby control officer

Answer 48

Controls the entry and exit of both civilian and firefighters in the lobby, overseas use of the elevators, , operates the building communication system assist in the control of the HVAC. Lobby control officer reports to Logistics section chief.

Question 49

356

Stairwell support groups

Answer 49

Move equipment and water supply hose up and down the stairwells of the high-rise building. Stairwell support unit leader reports to the support branch director or the logistics section chief. FFer on every 3rd floor.