Chapter 15-17

Question 1

Acids Empirically Defined

Answer 1

Substances that
Taste sour
Conduct electricity
React with metals to produce hydrogen gas
Turn blue litmus paper red
PH ranges between zero and seven

Question 2

Bases empirical definition

Answer 2

Are Substances that: 
Taste bitter
Conduct electricity
Feel soapy or slippery
PH ranges between seven and 14

Question 3

Svante Arrhenius

Answer 3

He offered an explanation for the difference in behaviour between acids and bases

Question 4

Arrhenius theory acids

Answer 4

Acids produce hydrogen ions when they are dissolved in water. Asses are substances that ionize in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions
Note: the hydrogen ions are responsible for the acidic properties of these solutions

Question 5

Arrhenius Theory bases

Answer 5

Bases produce hydroxide ions when they are dissolved in water. Faces are substances that dissociate to form hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.
Note: the hydroxide ions are responsible for the basic properties of these solutions

Question 6

Hydronium Ions

Answer 6

The hydrogen Ion does not exist on its own but bonds to polar water molecules.
Hydrated protons, H3O+ (aq) is called a hydronium ion
Is responsible for acidic properties

Question 7

Acid Rules

Answer 7

Can be identified because the hydrogen ion is written first in the formula
Exception: acetic acid (CH3OOH(aq))
Acids are always given the state aqueous (aq)

Question 8

Naming acids

Answer 8

The IUPAC name consist of three words: aqueous hydrogen and the name of the Anion 
Example: aqueous hydrogen chloride
Classic rules to name acids:
Hydrogen\_\_\_ide becomes hydro\_\_\_ic acid
Hydrogen\_\_\_ate becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ic acid
Hydrogen\_\_\_ite becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ous acid

Question 9

Acids bases and ionic substances

Answer 9

To distinguish between these substances we use simple diagnostic tests

Question 10

Litmus test

Answer 10

Used primarily to distinguish acids from bases
Red litmus turns blue if a base
Blue litmus turns red if an acid

Question 11

Conductivity test

Answer 11

Used to determine if a solution is ionic acidic basic or if the solution is molecular
If a solution conducts electricity it is either ionic, acidic, or basic
If a solution does not conduct electricity the solution contains a molecular compound
More dissolved ions will be more conductive then a solution with fewer dissolved ions

Question 12

Indicators

Answer 12

Substances that change colour when the acidity of the solution changes are called acid base indicators
These chemicals exist in at least two different forms each with a distinct colour

Question 13

Higher and lower pH

Answer 13

The Lower PH form (more acidic) is denoted as HIn (aq)

The higher pH form (more basic) is In-(aq)

Question 14

Common indicators

Answer 14

Litmus paper: red in acid, blue in base
Bromothymol blue: yellow in acid, blue in base
Phenolphthalein: clear in acid, pink/purple in base

Question 15

PH paper

Answer 15

PH paper will give an exact pH of the substance being tested, it not only indicate acidic or basic but the actual PH
Note: you can use information from various indicators to determine the pH of an unknown sample

Question 16

PH as powers of 10

Answer 16

Measures the relative acidity of a solution. The pH Scale is a logarithmic Scale from 0-14 that gives us an indication of the nature of solution(negatives and greater than 14 are impossible)
Decrease by a pH of 1 means a substance is 10 times more acidic than another substance
Decreases of 3 pH units means substance is 1000 times more acidic

Question 17

PH calculations

Answer 17

pH= -log [H3O+(aq)
[H3O+(aq)]= 10^-pH
Note: Square brackets imply concentration

Question 18

pH of acids bases and neutral Substances

Answer 18

Acids have a pH between 0 and 7(lower the pH the more acidic)
Bases have a pH between 7-14(higher the pH the more basic)
Neural Substances have pH of 7

Question 19

Significant digits calculations

Answer 19

The number of digits following the decimal point in the pH value is equal to the number of significant digits in the hydronium ion concentration

Question 20

Converting pH to hydronium ion concentration

Answer 20

PH to hydronium concentration of a solution the hydronium ion concentration equals 10 to the negative exponent of the pH

Question 21

POH and hydroxide ion concentration

Answer 21

Follow the same procedures to convert between POH and hydroxide ion concentration
pOH=-log[OH-(aq)]
[OH-(aq)]=10^-pOH

Question 22

significant digits POH and hydroxide ion concentration

Answer 22

The number of digits following the decimal point in the POH value is the same as the number of significant digits of the hydroxide ion concentration

Question 23

Relationship between pH/pOH and ion concentration

Answer 23

Inverse relationship exist between the ion concentration in the PH or POH. The higher the hydronium ion concentration the stronger the acid and the lower the pH
The higher the hydroxide ion concentration the stronger the base and the lower the POH
**a low POH would correspond to a high pH

Question 24

Convert between PH andPOH

Answer 24

pH + pOH =14

Question 25

Explaining acids

Answer 25

Since the acid are in in aqueous solution the particles are constantly colliding with water Molecules. When they react with water molecules The hydronium ion forms if this forms it determines acidity
**acids are substances that react with water to produce hydronium ions

Question 26

Explaining bases

Answer 26

According to the modified theory faces or substances that react with water to produce hydroxide ions. If the base already contains hydroxide ions a simple dissociation produces the hydroxide ions directly

Question 27

Predict acid basic or neutral

Answer 27

Some situations it is difficult to predict whether the solution will be acidic basic or neutral. In these cases you need to be told whether it was acidic or basic or given the results of the lab test (litmus turned red)

Question 28

Neutralization

Answer 28

Neutralization reaction is a double replacement reaction where an acid reacts with a base to produce water and a neutral substance

Question 29

Modified neutralization reactions

Answer 29

Can now be defined as the reaction between hydronium and hydroxide ions to produce water

Question 30

Strong acids

Answer 30

High conductivity, high rate of reaction with active metals and carbonate, low pH, I concentration of hydronium ion’s, react completely (>99%) with water to form hydronium Ions
Ex: hydrochloride acid

Question 31

Weak acids

Answer 31

Low conductivity, lower rate of reaction with active metals and carbonate, relatively high pH compared to strong acid, lower concentration of hydronium ion’s, reacts incompletely (less than 50%) with water to form relatively few hydronium Ions
Ex: acetic acid

Question 32

Strong bases

Answer 32

High conductivity, very high pH, high concentration of hydroxide ions, dissociate completely in solution to produce hydroxide ions
*for every 1 mol of NaOH that dissociates, 1 mil of OH- is formed
Ex: sodium hydroxide

Question 33

Weak bases

Answer 33

Lower conductivity, pH closer to seven, lower concentration of hydroxide ions, react partially less than 50% with water to produce relatively few hydroxide ions, are either ionic or molecular compounds in their pure state
Ex: baking soda

Question 34

Polyprotic acids

Answer 34

Contain more than one acidic hydrogen ions in their formula and react more than once with water to produce hydronium ion
(In general are weak acids)

Question 35

Mono protic acids

Answer 35

Have only one acidic hydrogen ion in their formula and react only ones with water to produce hydronium ion
Ex: hydrogen chloride

Question 36

Monoprotic bases

Answer 36

React only once with water to produce hydroxide ions

Question 37

polyprotic bases

Answer 37

React more than once with water all the reactions with water are much less than 50%
( generally are weak bases, their reaction with water decreases with each successive step)