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1
Q

what is Personality

A

can be defined as an enduring set of internally based characteristics that serves to produce uniqueness and consistency in the expressions of a person’s thoughts and behaviors, along with an explanation to account for these characteristics

2
Q

what are personality traits

A

internally based characteristics

3
Q

what are the psychodynamic perspectives of personality

A

the underlying assumption is that the expression of personality is motivated by internal processes and conflicts over which individuals have little or no consciousness awareness and consequently limited personal control

4
Q

The individual most closely associated with the psychodynamic perspective is who

A

Sigmund Freud

5
Q

Freud’s iceberg model of the mind consisting of three regions what are they

A

the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious

6
Q

what is in The preconscious mind

A

contains mental information that the individual may not be thinking about at any given moment but can easily gain access to when needed, as well as remove from awareness when no longer needed

7
Q

what s the unconscious mind

A

the largest and, according to Freud, the most influential region of the mind. The unconscious mind is a seemingly unlimited storage facility containing the thoughts, feelings, memories, needs, desires, wishes, and past experiences deemed too threatening to appear at the conscious level of awareness. According to Freud, to understand personality, it is necessary to expose and gain access to the content of the unconscious mind

8
Q

what is free association

A

The method of free association required the individual to say whatever came to his or her mind without considering how meaningless or threatening it might seem. He assumed that because the associations are linked together emotionally in the unconscious, an analysis of the pattern of these connections would reveal their true meaning as expressions of past and present psychological trauma

9
Q

what is manifest content

A

With dream analysis, the manifest content is what the dreamer remembers and, according to Freud, the disguised content

10
Q

what is The latent content

A

The latent content is the expression of the content of unconscious mind and a reflection of a person’s true feelings, needs, and desires

11
Q

what are the Structural Components of Personality

A

id, ego, and superego

12
Q

what is the id

A

the core component of personality and is located completely in the unconscious mind.

Freud proposed that the id, without any direct contact with the external world or conscious awareness, operates on the pleasure principle. The id acts on basic human needs for survival and self-preservation (e.g., eating, drinking) in addition to primal urges to indulge the pleasure principle, which includes sexual impulses (Eros) and unrestrained aggression (Thanatos)

13
Q

what is the ego

A

Freud identified the ego as the component of the mind that can subdue the id’s sexual and aggressive impulses to wait for the “right time and right place.”

14
Q

what does the ego operate on

A

the reality principe

it is the balancer’

15
Q

what is the superego

A

represents one’s sense of right and wrong

16
Q

what does the superego operate on

A

on a sense of morality reflecting family values, official laws, social conventions, religious beliefs, and a personal moral code. The sense of morality characteristic of the superego is regulated by the ego ideal and the conscience

17
Q

what did freud say is the reason for anxiety

A

anxiety serve as a warning sign of possible danger to the ego

18
Q

what is Reality anxiety

A

informs the ego of real danger (e.g., a car is drifting into your lane).

19
Q

what is Moral anxiety

A

notifies the superego that the ego is considering violating a moral code (e.g., you want to cheat on a test).

20
Q

what is Neurotic anxiety

A

warns the ego of the threatening expression of id impulses at the level of conscious awareness (e.g., you want to scream out loud while sitting in a boring meeting

21
Q

To mask feelings of anxiety and disguise the source of the tension, as well as from keeping them from being expressed, (e.g., screaming out loud), individuals unconsciously employ a variety of what

A

defense mechanisms

22
Q

The principal defense mechanism is what

A

repression

23
Q

what is repression

A

characterized by the individual’s ego simply removing (e.g., ignoring, trying to forget) the threatening impulse from conscious awareness. For example, a victim of assault may have trouble recalling the details of the attack because doing so would trigger the images and emotions of the entire episode. However, such memories remain buried in the unconscious, where they continue to create feelings of anxiety.

24
Q

At the core of this explanation, Freud proposed the development of personality through a sequence of five what

A

psychosexual stages

25
Q

what are the psychosexual stages

A

see chart

26
Q

Each stage is associated with a major biological function corresponding to a specific what

A

erogenous zone

27
Q

what is erogenous zone

A

a region of the body that serves as the source of enjoyment

28
Q

what are The Neo-Freudian Perspectives

A

represent explanations of personality based on reactions to and extensions of Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective. The basis of each of these viewpoints reflects a perceived limitation of some aspect of Freud’s ideas and a desire to correct that shortcoming

29
Q

One major point of dispute was with Freud’s ideas regarding the nature of the unconscious mind. Jung proposed what

A

collective unconscious

30
Q

what is collective unconscious

A

which he believed was interconnected through past experiences to other individuals across generations and locations around the world. Contained in this region of the mind was a universal set of common thoughts, feelings, behaviors, beliefs, rituals, emotions, experiences, images, and symbols inherited from all of those who ever came before us over time, including animals. Examples of such universal knowledge and tendencies include a fear of the unknown, search for novelty, desire for social order, and need for the emotional contact with others

31
Q

Jung believed that all of this inherited universal knowledge was stored in the collective unconscious in the form of

A

archetypes

32
Q

what are archetypes

A

Archetypes are universal thought patterns and behavior rituals triggered by specific situations and symbols and images representing certain people, ideas, or beliefs. When expressed, these archetypes provide a universal response that is adaptive over time and across situations.

33
Q

what was jung’s persona theory

A

The persona was the tendency for people to develop a certain pattern of behaviors when in public to get along with others, similar to Freud’s superego

34
Q

what was jung’s shadow theory

A

The shadow represents the dark and more primitive side of personality, similar to Freud’s id.

35
Q

what was jung’s self theory

A

the most important archetype, serves to unit all other aspects of the individual’s personality, much like Freud’s ego.

36
Q

who was Alfred Adler

A

an early supporter of Freud, but eventually began to disagree with him on some of his most important ideas, including the importance of unconscious sexual needs, the meaning of dreams, and the role of the ego

37
Q

what did Adler propose

A

proposed that striving for superiority, operating at the conscious level, was the primary motivational source of personality. Striving for superiority does not mean that we strive to be superior or better than others. Instead, it means trying to become a better person in an effort to overcome real or imagined feelings of inferiority developed earlier in life through interactions with parents, siblings, and peers

38
Q

It was Adler’s belief that striving for superiority should be guided by the principle of what

A

social interest

39
Q

what is social interest

A

the goal of becoming a better person should to do so to make society better as you make yourself a better person

40
Q

what did Karen Horney focus on

A

Horney wanted to focus more on interpersonal relationships than on intrapsychic conflicts as primary determinants of personality

41
Q

what was the motivational force underlying the expression of personality

A

the motivational force underlying the expression of personality was the search for social security

42
Q

what is social security

A

a sense of feeling safe and loved in our relationships with others

43
Q

what is basic anxiety

A

When individuals feel unsafe, unloved, and powerless in their relationships

44
Q

what is basic hostility

A

Feelings of basic hostility begin to emerge along with the belief that significant others are not helping to create a secure environment

45
Q

Horney (1945) identified three basic strategies individuals use to reduce feelings of basic anxiety and establish a sense of safety what are they

A

moving toward people
moving away from people
moving against people

46
Q

what is moving toward people

A

in which the individual does and says certain things in the hopes that other will like and take care of them. For example, teenagers may succumb to peer pressure and conform to the beliefs and behaviors of others in an effort to be accepted and avoid being teased and ridiculed

47
Q

what is moving away from people

A

in which the individual withdraws emotionally in the hopes that others will not be able to harm them. As an example of this strategy, a shy man stays at home and plays video games to avoid being rejected when he tries to talk to individuals he finds attractive at parties

48
Q

what is moving against people

A

in which the individual tries to harm others first in the hopes of preventing others from considering doing harm to them. For example, a woman ends a series of romantic relationship early to avoid having her heart broken by others.

49
Q

In direct contrast to the rather pessimistic views of the psychodynamic perspective is what

A

the humanistic perspectives

50
Q

what are the humanistic perspectives

A

based on the underlying assumption that the expression of personality is motivated by the internal desire for self-improvement and self-enhancement, which operates at the conscious level of awareness

51
Q

what is Carl Rogers theory

A

Rogers’ Self-Theory: The Search for Self-Actualization

purported that the core element of an individual’s personality is the self-concept

52
Q

what is self-concept

A

which refers to how someone perceives his or her unique set of characteristics, skills, qualities, and abilities

53
Q

what is Self-esteem

A

is how positively or negatively a person evaluates him or herself based on life experiences

54
Q

what is Conditional positive regard

A

serves to stifle personal growth by placing limits on the acceptance people give to others. For example, parents may show approval when their teenage daughter conforms to their wishes for her to go to medical school instead of her own desire to study social work.

55
Q

what is unconditional positive regard

A

which includes displaying an attitude of acceptance and respect for an individual, no matter what that person says or does

56
Q

According to Bandura, a core element of personality is the what

A

self-system

57
Q

what is the self-system

A

The self-system is a set of cognitions that people use to observe, evaluate, and regulate their behavior in different situations. For example, a shy student notices that at a specific pub on game day, those wearing a home-team ball cap seem to have an easier time striking up conversations with others than those not wearing one. As a result, he now wears the ball cap when going to the pub on game day

58
Q

what is self-efficacy

A

In addition to monitoring the behaviors of others, Bandura also proposed that people consider their ability to satisfactorily perform various behaviors as well as the potential consequences of a particular behavior in a given context to determine their sense of self-efficacy

Self-efficacy is the belief about one’s ability to successfully perform in a given situation. High levels of self-efficacy occur when a person feels confident in his or her ability to excel in a variety of situations