Chapter 11: Society, Culture, and Reform 1820-1860 Flashcards Preview

AP US History > Chapter 11: Society, Culture, and Reform 1820-1860 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 11: Society, Culture, and Reform 1820-1860 Deck (41)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Antebellum Period

A

The period before the Civil War

~A diverse mix of reformers dedicated themselves to various types of reform

2
Q

The Second Great Awakening

A

The reaction against liberalism and rationalism

~Allowed for the creation of various new churches such as the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter day Saints

3
Q

Charles Grandison Finney

A

A Presbyterian minister started a series of revivals in upstate New York
~Preached sermons based on emotions as opposed to reason
~Preached that all were free to be saved through faith and hard work

4
Q

“Burned Over District”

A

The Western New York region

~Had frequent “hell and brimstone” revivals

5
Q

Baptists and Methodists

A

Popularity for this grew in the South and on the Western frontier
~The largest Protestant denominations in the country
~Preached at outdoor revivals

6
Q

Millennialism

A

Started by the preacher William Miller on the belief that the world would end at the second coming of Christ
~Predicted that day to be October 21, 1844
~Disappointment ensued on the fact that it didn’t end
~Turned into the Seventh Day Adventists

7
Q

William Miller

A

Started the Millenialist Church

~Predicted the end of the world to be October 21, 1844

8
Q

Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints

A

Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830
~Based their religion on the Book of Mormon
~Moved from New York to Ohio to Missouri to Illinois the finally to the Great Salt Lake Basin
~Practiced polygamy

9
Q

Joseph Smith

A

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints
~Murdered in Illinois by a mob

10
Q

Brigham Young

A

Took control of the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints
~Moved them from Illinois to the Great Salt Lake Basin

11
Q

Transcendentalism

A

New wave of writing which emphasized a connection with nature
~Questioned the doctrines of established churches
~Challenged materialism in the country
~Very individualistic

12
Q

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A

The best known transcendentalist who was an author
~His essays expressed the individualistic mood of the period
~His essays and poems argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, and the primacy of spiritual matters over material ones
~He became a leading critic of slavery, and a supporter of the Union

13
Q

Henry David Thoreau

A

Another transcendentalist writer
~Lived in the same town as Emerson
~Conducted a two year experiment where he lived by himself outside town
~He used observations of nature to discover essential truths about life
~”Walden” and “On Civil Disobedience” are some of his best works

14
Q

Brook Farm

A

A community of people living with the transcendentalist ideal
~Founded by George Ripley in 1841 as an experiment in Massachusetts
~His goal was to achieve “a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor”
~Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Theodore Parker, and Nathaniel Hawthorne all lived there at some point
~A bad fire and heavy debts ended it
~Brook Farm is remembered for its atmosphere of artistic creativity and an innovative school that attracted the sons and daughters of New England’s intellectually elite

15
Q

Shakers

A

One of the earliest religious communal movements
~Held property in common
~Kept women and men strictly separate forbidding and sexual relations
~They shook in the presence of God

16
Q

New Harmony

A

The secular (nonreligious) experiment in New Harmony, Indiana
~A utopian/socialist community to provide an answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution
~Experiment failed due to financial problems and disagreements among members

17
Q

Robert Owen

A

Created the experiment at New Harmony, Indiana

~Welsh industrialist and reformer

18
Q

Oneida Community

A

A cooperative community that became highly controversial
~Dedicated to an ideal of perfect social and economic equality
~Members shared property
~Critics attacked the Oneida Community of planned reproduction and communal child rearing as a sinful experiment in “free love”

19
Q

John Humphrey Noyes

A

Founder of the Oneida Community

~Allowed for the Oneida Community to make money by selling silverware

20
Q

Fourier Phalanxes

A

The idea of the French socialist Charles Fourier
~The communal living areas where people shared work and living quarters
~Quickly disintegrated because Americans proved to be to individualistic

21
Q

American Temperance Society

A

Protestant ministers and others concerned with the high rate of alcohol consumption and the side effects of excessive drinking founded it
~Using moral arguments the society tried to persuade drinkers not just to moderate their drinking but to take a pledge to total alcoholic abstinence

22
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

A former school teacher from Massachusetts instigated reforms in mental hospitals
~Dedicated her life to improving conditions for the mentally disturbed

23
Q

Thomas Gallaudet

A

Founded a school for the deaf

24
Q

Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe

A

Founded a school for the blind

25
Q

Horace Mann

A

A leading advocate of the public school movement
~Was secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
~Worked for improved schools, compulsory attendance for all children, longer school year, and increased teacher preparation

26
Q

William Holmes McGuffey

A

A Pennsylvania teacher created a series of elementary textbooks
~McGuffey readers instilled the virtues of hard work, punctuality, and sobriety

27
Q

Cult of Domesticity

A

The idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home and educators of the children

28
Q

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

A

Began the women’s rights movement in America
~Objected male opposition to their antislavery activities
~Sarah wrote “Letter on the Condition of Women” and “The Equality of the Sexes”

29
Q

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A

Another pair of women who advocated women’s rights

~This occurred after they had been barred from speaking at an antislavery convention

30
Q

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

A

The leading feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York
~The first women’s rights convention in American history
~Issued a document closely modeled after the Declaration of Independence: “Declaration of Sentiments” declared that “all men and women are created equal”

31
Q

American Colonization Society

A

Created the idea of transporting freed slaves to an African colony
~Idea appealed to politicians and racists who wanted free blacks gone
~Proved impractical because the number of slaves grew drastically
~1st African-American colony was in Monrovia, Liberia

32
Q

American Anti-Slavery Society

A

Founded by radical abolitionists to speed up the anti-slavery movement

33
Q

William Lloyd Garrison

A

Began the publication of a radical newspaper, the Liberator
~Started the radical abolitionist movement
~Advocated the immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without compensation to the slave owners
~Helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society
~Claimed the Constitution as a pro-slavery document

34
Q

Liberty Party

A

The split in the abolitionist movement between political action and moral action
~A group of Northerners founded it to represent the abolitionists politically
~Their political pledge was to end slavery

35
Q

American Anti-Slavery Society

A

Founded by radical abolitionists to speed up the anti-slavery movement

36
Q

William Lloyd Garrison

A

Began the publication of a radical newspaper, the Liberator
~Started the radical abolitionist movement
~Advocated the immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without compensation to the slave owners
~Helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society
~Claimed the Constitution as a pro-slavery document

37
Q

Liberty Party

A

The split in the abolitionist movement between political action and moral action
~A group of Northerners founded it to represent the abolitionists politically
~Their political pledge was to end slavery

38
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

A former slave who spoke about the brutality and degradation of slavery from first hand experience
~Advocated both political and direct action to end slavery and racial prejudice
~Started an antislavery journal: The North Star

39
Q

Harriet Tubman and Soujourner Truth

A

Along with William Still helped organize the effort to assist fugitive slaves escape to free territory in North and Canada
~Where slavery was prohibited
~The Underground Railroad

40
Q

David Walker

A

A Northern black who advocated the most radical solution to slavery
~Argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up to revolt against their “masters”

41
Q

Nat Turner

A

A Virginian slave who led a revolt which killed 55 Virginians
~In retaliation whites killed hundreds of blacks in a brutal fashion and managed to put down the revolt