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Fire: Building Construction Related to the Fire Service > Chapter 11 - Roofs > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Roofs Flashcards

1
Q

Safety points to remember about roofs:

  • Roofs are usually not as __________ as floors because they are typically designed to support lighter live loads.
  • Many types of roofs construction have inherent ___________ ________ between the ceiling and the roof deck, making it difficult to determine the extent to which fire has developed overhead.
  • Over time, _______ may be added to roofs for which they were not originally designed.
  • Roofs are subject to wear and deterioration from the ___________.
A
  • strong
  • concealed spaces
  • loads
  • elements

p 304

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2
Q

From a fire fighting standpoint, the roofs of buildings can be classified into three styles: _______, _________, and _________.

A

flat, pitched, and curved

p 305

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3
Q

Many flat roofs are provided with a slight _______, typically from front to rear to facilitate drainage.

A

slope

p 306

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4
Q

Low slope roofs have a slope of up to _____ to _____, meaning for each _____ units of horizontal dimension the roof slopes upward ____ units.

A

3 to 12 / 12 / 3

p 306

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5
Q

Medium to high slope roofs have slopes of ___/___ to ___/___

A

4/12 to 12/12

p 306

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6
Q

A slope of 12/12 equates to a ____ degree angle.

A

45

p 306

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7
Q

The simplest pitched roof is the ______ roof that slopes in only one direction.

A

shed

p 306

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8
Q

The _______ roof is a very common roof style that consists of two inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to form a “ridge”.

A

gable

p 307

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9
Q
  • Pitched roof that has no gables. All facets of the roof slope down from the peak to an outside wall.
A

Hip roof

p 307

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10
Q
  • Style of gabled roof on which each side slopes at two different angles; often used on barns and similar structures.
A

Gambrel Roof

p 307

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11
Q
  • Roof style with characteristics similar to both gambrel and hip roofs. This roof has slopes of two different angles and all sides slope down to an outside wall.
A

Mansard Roof

p 307

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12
Q
  • V-shaped roof style resembling two opposing shed roofs joined along their lower edges.
A

Butterfly roof

p 307

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13
Q
  • Roof style similar to an exaggerated lantern roof having a raised section along the ridge line, providing additional natural light and ventilation.
A

Monitor Roof

p 308

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14
Q
  • Roof style characterized by a series of alternating vertical walls and sloping roofs that resembles the teeth of a saw. This type of roof is most often found on older industrial buildings to provide light and ventilation.
A

Sawtooth roof

p 308

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15
Q

Curved roofs are most frequently supported by _______ and ___________ trusses.

A

arches / bowstring

p 308

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16
Q
  • A special type of arch constructed of short pieces of wood called lamellas
A

Lamella arch

p 309

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17
Q

Lamellas vary from ___x___ inches to ___x___ inches and in lengths varying from ____ to ____ feet.

A

2x8 / 3x16 / 8 to 14

p 309

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18
Q

A __________ dome is created using spherical triangulation.

A

geodesic

p 310

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19
Q

A ___________ is frequently provided in buildings with pitched roofs to increase the usable space in an attic by increasing the light and ventilation.

A

dormer

p 310

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20
Q

With the _________ roof, the main joists are located at the level of the ceiling and a framework is constructed above the main joists to support the roof deck.

A

inverted

p 313

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21
Q

_________ are the inclined joists used to support some types of pitched roofs.

A

Rafters

p 313

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22
Q

Raftered roof:

The outward thrust of the rafters is resisted by ceiling or attic ______ _______ or collar beams that are in tension.

A

floor joists

p 314

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23
Q

Wood rafters vary in size from ___x___ inches to ___x____ inches. They can be spaced from ____ to ____ inches apart, depending on the span and design load.

A

2x4 / 2x14 / 12 to 24

p 314

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24
Q

_________ are a very common roof support system. ________ use less material and are lighter than a comparable beam or joist for an equal span.

A

Trusses / Trusses

p 314

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25
Q

All the chords and diagonal members lie in the same plane in a ____________ truss.

A

monoplane

p 315

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26
Q
  • Lightweight truss design noted by the bow shape, or curve, of the top chord.
A

Bowstring Truss

p 317

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27
Q

The ______ of a roof is the portion of roof construction to which the roof covering or “roofing” is applied.

A

deck

p 317

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28
Q

Roof deck matreials:

Wood panel decking may have a thickness of ____ inch on supports ____ inches on center.

A

1/2 / 24

p 318

29
Q

Roof deck materials:

Wood planks will have a minimum ___-inch nominal thickness.

A

1

p 318

30
Q

Roof deck materials:

Corrugated steel used in roof decking ranges from ____ gauge, the thinnest, to ____ gauge, the thickest. The overall depth varies from ____ to ____ inches.

A

29 / 12 3/4 / 2

p 318

31
Q

Roof deck materials:

________ has the advantage of being “nailable” which means it is possible to nail into the material. _________ concrete can also be made nailable by choosing an appropriate aggregate. ______-___-______ concrete decks are not nailable.

A

Gypsum / Precast / Cast-in-place

p 318

32
Q

Roof deck materials:

If a multistory building is to have a flat roof, the usual practice is to use the same ___________ _________ for the roof and the floors because it is more economical.

A

structural system

p 319

33
Q

The roof _________ provides the water resistant barrier for the roof system.

A

covering

p 319

34
Q
  • Final outside cover that is placed on top of a roof deck assembly.
A

Roof covering

p 320

35
Q

Flat roof coverings:

Because flat roofs drain more slowly that pitched roofs they usually require more __________ roof covering assemblies than pitched roofs.

A

complex

p 320

36
Q

The ________ _________ is designed to reduce the diffusion of interior moisture into the insulation layer. It is needed when the average outdoor temperature is below ____F and the indoor relative temperature is ____ percent or greater at ____F.

A

vapor barrier / 40 / 45 / 58

p 320

37
Q

The ____________ of a roof consists of waterproof material that keeps out rain and snow from the interior of the building.

A

membrane

p 320

38
Q

The three general categories of membranes ______-____ roof membranes, _______-____ membranes, and ______-_______ membranes.

A

built-up / single-ply / fluid-applied

p 321

39
Q

_______-____ membranes use several overlapping layers of roofing felt saturated with a bituminous material that may be either tar or asphalt.

A

Built-up

p 321

40
Q

Built up membranes:

The layers of roofing felt are cemented together with a hot ___________ roofing cement.

A

bituminous

p 321

41
Q

Built up membrane:

The roofing felt usually is supplied in rolls ___ feet wide. The number of layers of roofing felt used varies, but _____ layers is a common design.

A

3 / four

p 321

42
Q

Built up roofs usually last for ____ years if the manufacturers specifications are followed.

A

20

p 321

43
Q

A ______-____ membrane roof consists of a single membrane laid in sheets on the roof deck. The membrane material comes in sheets ____ or ____ feet wide and up to ______ feet long. The membranes are very thin, typically ____ to ____ inches thick.

A

single-ply / 10 or 20 / 200 / 0.03 to 0.10

p 321

44
Q

The _______-________ membranes are useful for buildings with curved roof surfaces such as domes that would be difficult to cover with other materials.

A

fluid-applied

p 322

45
Q
  • External covering on a roof that protects the roof from mechanical abrasion. The typical tar and gravel roof uses gravel for this purpose.
A

Wear course

p 322

46
Q

The wear course protects the roof from ___________ __________.

A

mechanical abrasion

p 322

47
Q

Roof coverings used on pitched roofs are generally one of two broad categories - _______ or ______ roofs and ________ roofs.

A

shingle or tile / metal

p 323

48
Q

Wood ________ are thin, tapered slabs of wood that are sawn from pieces of a tree trunk. _______ are split from the wood either by hand or by machine and are thicker.

A

shingles / shakes

p 324

49
Q

Wood shingles and shakes used in North America are made for red ______, white _______, or __________ because of the resistance of these woods to decay.

A

cedar / cedar / redwood

p 324

50
Q

Asphalt shingles are available in several sizes but the most common size is ____ X ____ inches.

A

12x36

p 324

51
Q

Pitched roof coverings:

Slate is a very durable material and can have a life expectancy of _____ years. Slate is also a heavy material, weighting ____ to ____ pounds per square foot.

A

150 / 8 to 36

p 324

52
Q

Pitched roof materials:

______ tile is an ancient material known to have been used for thousands of years. The curved ______ tiles are known as “_________” tiles and are used to create imitation (or genuine) __________-style architecture.

A

Clay / clay / mission / Spanish

p 324

53
Q

Pitched roof coverings:

________ tiles are made from Portland cement, aggregate, and water. A major advantage of these tiles over wood tiles is their greater ___________.

A

Concrete / longevity

p 324

54
Q

Shingles and tiles are usually attached to the roof with _________-__________ nails.

A

corrosion-resistant

p 325

55
Q

Asphalt shingles are usually installed over an ___________, which is a layer of roofing felt or synthetic covering.

A

underlayment

p 325

56
Q

Slate tiles are provided with ____________ nail holes. The proper installation technique is to have the head of the nail just touching the slate so that the slate is actually __________ from the nail.

A

pre punched / hanging

p 325

57
Q

Asphalt shingles are fundamentally ___________. They tend to drip and run under fire conditions and produce a characteristic heavy ________ smoke.

A

combustible / black

p 325

58
Q

Clay, slate, and cement tiles are ____________ and produce _____-__________ roof coverings that have excellent resistance to flying brands.

A

Noncombustible / fire-resistant

p 326

59
Q

_____________ roofing sheets are generally strong enough to be installed without decking. In these cases the roofing sheets are supported by roof beams or _________. The spacing between the purlins can be from ___ to ___ feet.

A

Corrugated / purlins / 2 to 6

p 327

60
Q

The fire hazards of roof coverings are evaluated by test procedures contained in NFPA ______, also designated ASTM ______.

A

256 / E 108

p 328

61
Q

Fire ratings of roof coverings:

  • Class A roof coverings are effective against a ________ fire exposure
  • Class B roof coverings are effective against a __________ fire exposure
  • Class C roof coverings are effective against a _______ fire exposure
A
  • severe
  • moderate
  • light

p 328

62
Q
  • A second roof constructed over an existing roof.
A

Rain roof

p 329

63
Q

Green roofs:

Probably the greatest benefit of green roofs is the increase in air quality due to the _________-_______ ________ exchange of growing plants, particularly in urban areas.

A

oxygen-carbon dioxide

p 329

64
Q

Green roofs:

The layer of earth required for a rooftop garden can vary from a ____ inches to ___ or ___ feet. Depending on the depth of the soil, the dead load can vary from _____ pounds per square foot to _____ pounds per square foot.

A

few / 1 or 2 / 20 / 150

p 330

65
Q

A _____________ system produces clean and reliable energy that can be used in a wide range of applications. ____________ cells in panels can be laid on top of a roof or embedded in the roof.

A

photovoltaic / photovoltaic

p 330

66
Q

Photovoltaic roofs:

Even if power to the building is shut off, the panels retain a significant amount of ____________. It is not safe to break photovoltaic cells or skylights that are actually ________ powered.

A

electricity / solar

p 330

67
Q

_____-___________ roof structures are often used in sports arenas and at college and universities. A typical use with this type of structure would be a sports practice facility.

A

Air-supported

p 331

68
Q
  • Structure on the roof of a building that may be used as a living space, to enclose mechanical equipment, or to provide roof access from an interior stairway.
A

Penthouse

p 331

69
Q
  • Any of a variety of roof structures or devices intended to increase the natural illumination within buildings in rooms or over stairways and other vertical shafts that extend to the roof.
A

Skylights

p 332

Fire: Building Construction Related to the Fire Service (14 decks)

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