choose the regulatory hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus
- somatostatin
- proclactin-inhibiting hormone
- growth hormone
- corticotropin releasing hormone
endocrine glands secrete ___ directly into the ____
hormones;blood
this hormone stimulates milk production in females regulated FSH LH
prolactin
thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce :
- triiodothyronine
- thyroxine
name the primary hormone that is responsible for the development and maintence of the male reproductive sysstem
testosterone
oxytocin functions to stimulate
- milk ejection from the mammary ducts
- smooth muscle contractions of the uterous during child birth
Which endocrine glands has a cortex and medulla
adrenal
which pituitary or hypothalamic primaries function is to stimulate the kidneys to retain water
antidiuretic hormone
match the letter with the correct hormone that stimulates the corresponding tissue
A; TSH B; ACTH C; PSH and LH D; growth hormone E; prolactin
Alternate terms to denote the hormone most abundantly secreted by the thyroid gland iclude
- T3
- thyroxine
- triiodothyronine
the ____ _____ are the clusters of cells that are scattered thoughout the pancreas and functoin to secrete hormones
pancreatic islets
which of the following statements aretrue of both neural and endocrine regualtion
a specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory moleucle binds to its specific receptros
- thereis a mechanism to turn off action of the regulators
- target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule
put the steps of the pathway to maintain glucose homeostasis in order
1;plasma glucose levels rise after consumption of carbonhydrates
-2;beta cells
3;insulin binds to receptors on target cells
4;intracellular vesticles containing GLUT4
5;glucose enters the cells by faciliated
ovulation in female and testosterone secretion in males is stimulated by ____
LH
The ____ is the largest of the purely endocrine glands in an adult
thyroid
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla function to:
- increase heart and respiratory rates
- increased mental alertness
- elevate metabolic rate
Order the steps of the adenylate cyclase cyclic AMP second messenger system
1; the hormone binds to its receptors in the plasma membrane of its target cell
2; G-protiens dissociate and the subunit activates adenylate cyclase
3; cAMP is produced
4; cAMP removes the regulatory subunit from protein kinase
5; protein kinase phosphorylates other enzymes
6; enzymes are activated or inactivated to produce specific effects within the cell
Uterine contractions during childbirth are stimulated by the hormone ______
oxytocin
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla in the greatest proportion
Epinephrine
_____ and _____ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that act to increase cardiac output, heart rate, respiratory mental alertness and metabolic rate
Epinephrine , norepinephrine
Choose the actions of the follicle -stimulating hormone
- stimulated the production of sperm in males
- stimulated the growth of ovarian follicles in females
Match the letter with the correct gland
A; parathyroid
B:thyroid
Which of the following statements are true of both neural and endocrine regulation?
- target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule
- there is a mechanism to turn off actions of the regulators
- a specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory molecule to its specific receptors
Which of the following statements regarding thyroxine is true?
thyroxine requires a carrier protein to travel through the blood
_____ -_____ hormone stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating
Which anterior pituitary hormones target the gonads?
- follicle-stimulating
- luteinizing hormones
______ hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels
parathyroid
The ____ gland is attached to the hypothalamus by an infundibulum
pituitary
Choose the following drugs that are classified as NSAIDs
- asprin
- ibuprofen
- celecoxib
- indomethacin
Which of the following statements are true regarding calcitonin?
- calcitonin is produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
- calcitonin inhibits the dissolution of calcium in the urine
- calcitonin promotes the excretion of calcium in the urine
the hormone that stimulates protein synthesis on cells is ______ also known as growth hormine GH
somatotropin
Which of the following are included in the endocrine system?
- adipose tissue
- pancreas
- hypothalamus
- thyroid gland
- liver
Glucocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ___ from the anterior pituitary
ACTH
Paracrine regulators that regulate the immune system are called ______
cytokines
Choose the actions of prolactin ( PRL)
- plays a supporting role in the regulation of the male reproductive system
- acts on the kidneys to regylate water and electrolyte balance
- stimulates production of milk by mammary glands
The pineal gland produces
melatonin
THe _____ ____ are the clusters of cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas, and function to secret hormones
pancreatic islets
Choose the actions of luteinizing hormone
- stimulates the secretion of testosterone from the interstitial cells of the testes in males
- stimulates ovulation in females
- stimulates an ovulated follicle
Which hormones are produced by the small intestine
- cholecystokinin
- secretin
Corticotropin stimulate the _____ _____ to secrete glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex
Identify the three categories of corticosteroids
- mineralocorticoids
- glucocorticoids
- adrenal androgens
Prostaglandins are part of a family of molecules called the :
eicosanoids
An endemic goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland due to a deficiency in _____
iodine
Which of the following are effects of glucocorticoids
- stimulate gluconeogenesis- fatty acids
- stimulate the breakdown of proteins and fats
Lipophilic hormones bind to what kind of receptors
nuclear
Adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C and tyrosine kinase are all enzymes involved in:
second messenger systems
which of the following cal affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones?
- higher brain center
- positive feedback
- hypothalamic hormones
- negative feedback inhibition
Choose the example of a neuroendocrine reflex
an infanct sucking stimulants release of oxytocin
Thyroid hormone binds to _____ receptors which are located inside the cell
nuclear
Choose the mechanisms of parathyroid hormone action
- acts on the kidneys to promote conversation of calcium
- causes calcium-phosphate crystals in the boke to break down
Choose the types of hormones that are lipophilic
- thyroid hormones
- sex steroids
- corticosteroids
The anterior pituitary gland is linked to the hypothalamus through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal ____ system
Portal
what disease is characterized by a low basal metabolic rate (BMR) weight gain and lethargy
hypothyroid
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
hormonal
neural
the appetite-suppressing hormone, leptin, is secreted primarily by:
-adipose tissue
Hormones that can cause hypertrophy of their target organs are called _____ hormones
tropic
Choose the organs that secrete steroid hormones
- adrenal cortex
- gonads
Which major chemical class of hormones is lacking a protien component
- steroids
- amines
_______ ______ are paracrine regulators that prom\te cell divison
growth factors
Neurohormones are secreted by neurons into the _____
blood
Atrial natriuretic hormone is produced by the ______
heart
Choose the statements that are consistent with steroid hormones and their actions
- steroid hormones can cross the plasma membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell
- steroid hormones typically initiate a change in gene expression of the cell
- steroid hormones require a carrier protein for transport ion the blood
The ____ secrete estradiol in the female, while the ____ secrete testosterone in the male
ovarian follicles/leydig cells
Which of the following can affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones?
- positive feedback
- hypothalamic hormones
- higher brain centers
- negative feedback inhibition
Choose the hormones that are secreted by the placenta
- human chorionic gonadotropin
- somatomammotropin
- estriol
NSAIDs that inhibit _____ have been found to be dangerous because of the increased risk for heart attack and stroke with prolonged use
COX-2
One class of hydrophobic hormones released by the gonads and the adrenal cortex are ______
steroids
Tyrosine kinase adds ____ groups to ____
phosphate , tyrosine
___ are hormones that raise blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of proteins and fats in the body to be used in the production of glucose
glucocorticoids
Choose the following statements that are true regarding cortisol
- cortisol is secreted by the zona fasciculata
- cortisol the major glucocorticoid
- cortisol is also called hydrocortisone
- cortisol is a steroid hormone
Which of the following are functions of calcium
- part of the second messenger system of some hormones
- signal the release of neurotransmitter from neurons
- facillities muscle contraction
When one hormone that comes first enhances of a second hormone, it is said to have ____ effects
permissive
Target organs of parathyroid hormone include:
-bone
kidneys
Name the drug that reduces the risk for heart attack and stroke by inhibiting the ability of blood platelets to produce thromboxane A2, this inhibiting blood clotting
asprin
Phospholipase C is an enzyme that is located in the ___
plasma membrane
Which thyroid hormone is active within target cells?
T3
Choose the statements that are true regarding aldosterone
-all except aldosterone indirectly reduces blood pressure
Erythopoietin is produced by the _____ and somatomedins are produced by the _______
kidneys,liver
The release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary is under the control of ______ and ____ from the hypothalamus
somatostatin, GHRH
The release of which hormones is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes?
- oxytocin
- antidiuretic hormone
within target cells
thyroxine, trilodothryonine