Study of motivation concerns the
physiological and psychological processes and underlying and the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms to specific goals
Drive
biological trigger than tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed
Homeostasis
bodys physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in the response to the outer environment
Allostasis
motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs
Maternal region of hypothalamus signals
when its time to eat
Ventromedial and paraventricular regions signals
when it is time to stop eating
Glucose
sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body
Satiation
point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat, caused by CCK
Ghrelin
hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates stomach contractions and appetite
Unit bias
tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning in an appreciate about to consume
Researchers have concluded that increasing the size of dishes increases consumption by..
18-25% for meals and 30-45% for snacks
Examples if whether the presence of other people increases or decreases out motivation to eat is influenced by the social situation
- Social facilitations
- Impression management
- Modelling
Social facilitation
eating more, pressure to eat more and sitting longer at the table
Impression management
eating less, control their behavior so that others see them a certain way
Modelling
eating whatever they eat, eating more/less dependent on who you are around and the situation
Obesity
disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure
What percent of canadians have a height and weight ratio that classifies them as obese
20%
Over how many canadian adults would be classified as obese
60%
Why are obesity rates so high
- huge variety of foods available
- evolutionary need to crave fatty foods
- economics, where poor people are more obese than rich
Anorexia nervosa
eating disorder that involves self starvation and intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with ones body and denial of serious consequences of severely low weight
Bulimia nervosa
eating disorder thats characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating and purging
Why do eating disorders occur in some and not in others
- stress making them feel like they have no control
- depression, anxiety, guilt,
___ ____ is often viewed as the number one cause of anorexia and bulemia
peer influence
Families are a major influence on individuals with an..
eating disorder
Reproduction suppression hypothesis
states that females who believe they have low levels of social support from romantic partners and family members are more likely to engage in dieting behaviour, leads to loss of periods
Libido
motivation for sexual activity and pleasure
First scientist to study human sexual behaviour
Alfred kinsey
Masters and Johnsons study
described the human sexual response cycle based on observations of male and female prostituites who agreed to masturbate or have sec while under observation
Sexual response cycle
described the phases of physiological change during sexual activity which comprises four primary stages
4 primary stages of sexual activity
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
Refractory period
time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible
Do women have refractory period
no, can experience multiple orgasms
Men and females have similar
subjective experiences during orgasms
Hormone released when experiencing orgasm
oxytocin and dopamine
Sexual orientation
consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex, same sex or either sex
Simon LeVay tested what
sizes of deceased gay and straight mens brains, hypothalamus (NAH3) was smaller in gay men
Gender roles
accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society
Sexual scripts
set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females
Testosterone
hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and the motivation of sexual behaviour
Sex guilt
negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour
Self actualization
point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep thinking and accepting human being
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
according to abraham maslow, human needs are organized as a hierarchy with basic needs at the bottom and personal fulfillment and others at the top
Need to belong (affiliation motivation)
motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each persons well being
Who proposed the first scientific model of love
Berscheid and walter
Love is composed of 2 main components
- passionate love
- companionate love
Passionate love
associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person
Companionate love
related to tenderness and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person
When in love what hormones are given off from the brain receptors
oxytocin and dopamine
Factors influencing commitment
- initial strength of attraction
- number of barriers to leaving the relationship
- the availability of alternatives
Achievement motivation
drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals
Approach goal
enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or feeling of satisfaction
Avoidance goal
attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing memory, or feeling emotional pain
3 universal needs
- relatedness
- autonomy
- competence
Self efficacy
individual’s confidence that he/she can play and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem
Self determination theory
individual’s ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well being is influenced by the degree to which he/she is in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals
Extrinsic motivation (performance motivation
motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition or avoiding embarrassment
Amotivational
feeling of having little or no motivation to perform behaviour
Intrinsic motivation (mastery motive)
process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and over coming challenges
Over justification effect
if you give someone a reward for intrinsically motivated behaviour, the intrinsic motivation decreases, as does the frequency of the behaviour
Framing effect
when the correct course of action is not obvious, the different phrasing of the question or problem can produce different results
Emotion is behaviour with the following 3 components
- subjective thought and/or experience
- accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal
- observable behavioural expression
Amygdala
group of nuclei in the middle portion of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere
Sympathetic nervous system
helps recruit energy to prepare you for a response
Parasympathetic nervous system
helps preserve energy and calms you down if no response is necessary
Autonomic nervous system composed of
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
Fast pathways are routed through the…
sensory areas of the brain through the amygdala directly to the ANS
Slow pathways are routed through the..
cortex where situation is processed at high levels of awareness
James-Lange theory of emotion
the view suggested that our physiological reactions to stimuli precede the emotional experience
According to the James-Lange theory emotion would be experienced in following way..
- based on your initial perception of a stimulus, you heart starts to race
- your brain receives feedback about that response
- then the brain decides that based on the feedback it has received you should feel fear
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
suggested that the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body
Facial feedback hypothesis
suggests that our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states (james-lange)
Two factor theory
holds that patterns of physical arousal and cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences
Schachter and Signer performed what study
participants were given different cognitive labels for the same physical feelings
Three groups part of Schachter and Singer’s study
- informed group
- Ignorant hroup
- misinformed group
Polygraph
measures whether heart rate and sweating increase when a person responds to different events or questions
Microexpression
real emotional response can be seen on our faces before we can hide it
Duchenne’s smiles
involve a crinkling of muscles at the corner of the eye
Emotional dialects
variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed
Display rules
refer to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion