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Biol 1000 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Gene expression

A

overall process which genetic info flows from genes to proteins

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2
Q

Gene regulation

A

controlling gene expression by turning genes on or off

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3
Q

Gene regulation in prokaryotic cells

A

response to signals from environment

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4
Q

Operon

A

segments of chromosome with genes and adjacent control sequences (promotor/operator)

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5
Q

Operator in operon controls

A

gene expression, on/off switch

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6
Q

Repressors

A

turn off operons by binding to operator (block RNA polymerase binding to promotor)

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7
Q

Activators

A

turn on operons by binding to DNA (make it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to promotor)

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8
Q

Gene regulation in eukaryotes

A

-response to single from internal and external environment

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9
Q

Cell differentiation in multicellular organisms is due to

A

control of gene expression

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10
Q

Cell differenention

A

cells are specialized in structure and function for specific role in body

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11
Q

Selective gene expression

A

subset of genes expressed in each cells type is unique

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12
Q

Strucural and chemical modification to DNA and associated proteins may lead to long term..

A

inactivation of genes

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13
Q

Multiple ______ regulate gene expression in eukaryotes

A

mechanisms

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14
Q

_______ and ______ regulation control gene expression

A

transcription and translation

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15
Q

Tightly packed DNA can..

A

block gene expression by preventing RNA polymerase from binding

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16
Q

Chemical modification to eukaryotic chromosomes block

A

gene expression

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17
Q

Addition/removal of chemical group to histones causes them to..

A

bind DNA more tight/loose

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18
Q

Chemical modifications to eukayortic chromosomes can be

A

inheited

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19
Q

Add chemical group to DNA bases which..

A

turns off genes (=methylation)

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20
Q

X chromosome is

A

chemically modified and highly compact

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21
Q

Inactivated compacted chromosome=

A

Barr Body

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22
Q

Which X chromosome inactivated is

A

random

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23
Q

Epigenetic

A

cheimcal modification to genome, important in gene regulation

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24
Q

Epigenetic explains

A

some of differences in identical twins as they age

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25
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving nucleotide sequence

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26
Q

Multicellular organisms cells are differentiated for

A

specilizaed roles

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27
Q

Differentiated cells only express ___ ____ of total genes

A

small percentage

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28
Q

“Housekeeping genes”

A

continually “on” in most cells for routine activities

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29
Q

Regulation of transcription at initiation

A
  • activators help turn on transcription
  • transcription factors bind to enhancer sequences
  • repressors bind to silencers to inhibit transcription
30
Q

Transcription factors are ____ proteins

A

activator

31
Q

Transcription factors create

A

complex with RNA polymerase at promotor, turn gene on

32
Q

RNA processing controls

A

gene expression and flow of mRNA

33
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

produces multiples types of polypeptide from a single gene

34
Q

MicroRNA (miRNA)

A

control gene expression

35
Q

miRNA bind to

A

complementary mRNA

36
Q

RNA interference (RNAi)

A

turns genes off

37
Q

After mRNA is fully processed and transported to the cytoplasm, gene expression can still be regulated by

A
  • breakdown of mRNA
  • initiation of translation
  • post-translational modification
38
Q

Post translation modifications include

A

protein activation and protein breakdown

39
Q

Cell to cell signalling often

A

initiates a signal transduction pathway

40
Q

Binding of signalling molecule activates ..

A

series of relay proteins

41
Q

Signalling cell may secrete ___ ____ to initiate pathway on other call

A

signalling molecules

42
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

last rely protein activates transcription factors, turns gene on

43
Q

Cell signalling in gene expression is important in

A

animal development

44
Q

Cell-to-cell signalling may initiate gene expression in..

A

early embryo development

45
Q

Cell signalling triggers gene expression of

A

homeotic genes

46
Q

Homeotic genes

A

master control genes that regulate other genes

47
Q

Protein products of one set of ___ cause cascades of gene expression to develop __ ___

A

genes; body parts

48
Q

Mutation in a homeotic gene can cause..

A

body parts in wrong places

49
Q

Most differentiated cells retain..

A

a full set of genes, even though only a subset may be expressed

50
Q

Plant cloning

A

a root cell can divide to form an adult plant

51
Q

Animal cloning achieved by..

A

nuclear transplantation

52
Q

Reproductive cloning is used to produce animals with desirable traits to produce..

A
  • better agricultural products
  • therapeutic agents
  • to restock populations of endangered animals
53
Q

Another way to clone uses..

A

embryonic stem cells

54
Q

Embryonic stem cells are harvested from a

A

blastocyst

55
Q

Embryonic stem cell cloning can be used to produce

A

cell cultures for research or stem cells for therapeutic treatments

56
Q

Therapeutic cloning produces

A

embryonic stem cells (ES cells)

57
Q

Adult stem cells

A

give rise to many but not all cell types

58
Q

Certain conditions induce __ _____ in stem cells causing ____

A

gene expression; differentiation

59
Q

ES cells have more ____ _____ than adult stem cells

A

developmental potential

60
Q

Therapeutic cloning aims to supply cells for the…

A

repair of damaged or diseased organs

61
Q

Cancer cells do not respond to

A

normal regulation signals

62
Q

Cancer cells are due to

A

changes in gene expression

63
Q

Oncogene

A

gene which can cause cancer when present in single copy

64
Q

A cell can acquire oncogenes by

A

virus or mutation of own genes

65
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

normal gene that has potential to become an oncogene

66
Q

Proto-oncogene code for..

A

growth factors or proteins that affect growth factors or some aspect of cell cycle

67
Q

Growth factors

A

proteins that stimulate cell division

68
Q

Tumour supressor gene

A

normal gene whose products inhibit ell division, protein products prevent uncontrolled cell growth

69
Q

Mutations of tutor suppressor genes may contribute to

A

onset of cancer

70
Q

Carcinogens

A

cancer causing agents that alter DNA and make cells cancerous

71
Q

Majority of cancers arise from

A

mutations caused by environmental factors

Biol 1000 (15 decks)

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