Blood is what type of tissue?
connective tissue; it can clot
Normal Blood pH
pH 7.35-7.45 (alkaline)
Fibronigin
Blood clotting
1 drop of blood is equivalent to how many cells in the body
70 trillium cells & 210 trillium bacteria
How many bacteria in 1 cell?
3 bacteria per cell
What is the colour of oxyhemoglobin?
Bright red
What is the colour of Deoxyhemoglobin?
dark red/ blue
Lifespan of RBC
120 days
main site where RBC is recycled?
Spleen or liver
Defends the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumors. It circulates in the bloodstream for short period of time then migrate into loose & dense connective tissue.
Leukocytes (WBC)
Eater cells
Phagocytosis
Low levels of leokocytes means they are being destroyed - often by drugs (chemotherapy or steroids)- these low levels puts them at risk of infection
Leukopenia
WBCs from most to least abundant
Neutrophil Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
Role of Neutrophils
Phagocytosis
Main role is release of histamine to activate inflammation. It also releases heparin ( anticoagulant)
Basophils
blood does not clot with all these extra cells
Heparin (anticoagulant)
Secretes chemicals that destroy certain parasites & allergens
Eosinophils
It comprised of B-cells and T-cells
Agranulocytes
Mature into dendritic cells or macrophages. It sits in tissue cells
Monocytes
Cells that Are present in those tissues that are in contact with external environment such as SKIN and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines . It come from monocytes
Dendritic cells
Cells that are present in most tissues surrounding blood vessels and nerves. contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis.
Similar to basophils
Mast Cells
Not actually cells- they are fragments of cells. Needed for clotting process. They cling to broken blood vessels or tissue, thus helping to control blood clots
Platelets (thrombocytes)
results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
Physiologic jaundice
In newborns, fetal hemoglobin is nearly completely replaced by adult hemoglobin by approximately ____________months postnatal.
6 months
Fetal hemoglobin differs from adult hemoglobin
It is able to bind oxygen w/ greater affinity than the adult form, giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mothers bloodstream
WBC (Leukocytes) normal count
4.0-10.0x10^9/L
RBC (Erythrocytes) normal count
male : 4.4 - 5.7x10^12/L
female : 4.0 - 5.2x10^12/L
Hematocrit (Hct) percentage of blood occupied by RBCs
male : 0.420 -0.520 (42% - 52%)
female: 0.370 - 0.460 (37% - 46%)
Platelets normal count
150-400x10^9/L
Aging Blood
values remain constant
fasting glucose increase
take longer to produce RBC
Recover more slowly from bleeding episodes
WBC responds to infection more slowly
Greater risk for anemia and clotting disorders
All the formed elements arise from common type of stem cell, the _________. (“Blood cell former”), which resides in the red bone marrow
Hemocytoblast
Blood cell formation
Hematopiesis
The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by hormone called.
It is released in response to low blood oxygen levels.
Erythropoietin
If thrombus breakaway from vessel walls and float freely in the bloodstream, it becomes an_____
Embolus.
Cerebral embolus may cause a stroke.
Is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other body.
Antigen
One persons RBCs proteins will be recognized as foreign if transfused into another person with different RBC antigen. The “Recognizers” are _______
Antibodies
____________ (rupture of blood) does not occur with first transfusion because it takes time for the body to react and start making antibodies. However, the 2nd time and every time thereafter, a typical transfusion reaction occurs in w/c the pt antibodies attack and rupture the donors Rh+ RBC
Hemolysis
Normal adult blood volume
5-6 L
What is the name of the stem cell that give rise to all formed elements
Hematocytoblast
Components of blood
- Formed elements
2. Plasma
Blood temperature
38c or 100.4F
Plasma proteins composed of
- Albumin
- Clotting protein
- Globulins
Increased number over 11,000 of WBC due to infection or inflammation means
Leukocytosis
Low level of WBC cause by being destroyed -often by drugs is called
Leukopenia
Agranulocyte or lack of cytoplasmic granules include:
- Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
Granulocytes or granules in their cytoplasm include:
- Neutrophil- role is phagocytosis
- Eosinophil - secretes chemicals to destroy parasites or allergens
- Basophils - role is release of histamine; also heparin (anticoagulant)
Fragments of cells. Also known as thrombocytes. play a role as seal up damage blood vessels.
Platelets
stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to produce RBCs. Is released into plasma when oxygen levels are low (hypoxia)
Erythropoietin
It stimulates production of platelets
Thrombopoietin
Hemostasis [stasis-lack of mov’t] involves three phases
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
Is the plasma less fibrinogen. It is the liquid part of blood after coagulation, therefore, void of clotting factors as fibrinogen.
Serum
Is the liquid, cell-free part of blood, that has been treated with anticoagulants.
Plasma