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Biol 1000 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA and RNA are _____ acids

A

nucleic

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2
Q

DNA polynucleotide

A

a nucleotide polymer (chain)

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3
Q

1 of the 2 strands of DNA is a..

A

DNA polynucleotide

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4
Q

A nucleotide is composed of a..

A
  • nitrogenous base
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • phosphate group
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5
Q

The nucloeotides are joined to one another by a..

A

sugar phosphate backbone

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6
Q

4 different nitrogen-conatining bases

A
  • adenine
  • cytosine
  • adenine
  • guanine
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7
Q

2 pyrimidines

A

thymine and cytosine

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8
Q

2 purines

A

adenine and guanine

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9
Q

RNA uses the sugar ____ instead of _____ like DNA

A

ribose; deoxyribose

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10
Q

RNA has the nitrogenous base _____ instead of ____

A

uracil; thymine

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11
Q

Watson and Crick determined

A

double helical structure of DNA

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12
Q

Complementary base pairing

A
  • A pairs with T

- G pairs with C

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13
Q

DNA molecule consists of..

A

2 complementary polynucleotides

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14
Q

DNA replication follows a..

A

semiconservative model

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15
Q

Semiconservative model of DNA replication

A
  • 2 DNA strands separate and untwist

- each stand is used as a pattern to produce a complementary strand (base pairing)

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16
Q

Each new DNA helix after replication has…

A

one old strand with one new strand

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17
Q

Watson and Crick noted that the structure of DNA suggests..

A

a possible copying mechanism

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18
Q

Copying mechanism of DNA uses..

A

semi-conservative replication by applying base pair rules, A=T, G=C

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19
Q

DNA replication begins…

A

at origin of replication

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20
Q

DNA replication proceeds in..

A

both direction creating replication bubbles

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21
Q

Daughter strand grows in..

A

5’ to 3’

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22
Q

Daughter strands _______ until the fuse with..

A

elongate; strand in adjacent bubbles

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23
Q

During replication parental strands…

A

open up

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24
Q

DNA polymerase is an

A

enzyme links DNA nucleotides to the growing daughter strand

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25
Q

DNA polymerase’s job

A

proofreads to ensure copied cells carry genetic info

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26
Q

One daughter strand is..

A

synthesized in pieces

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27
Q

Okazaki fragments are linked by…

A

DNA ligase enzyme

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28
Q

What repairs damaged DNA

A

DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and other proteins

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29
Q

Genotype

A

organisms genetic make up, heritable info contained in its DNA

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30
Q

Phenotype

A

organisms physical trait

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31
Q

DNA genotype is expressed as..

A

proteins

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32
Q

Proteins provide a ______ ___ for phenotypic traits

A

molecular basis

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33
Q

The molecular chain of command is from

A
  • DNA in the nucleus to RNA

- RNA in the cytoplasm to protein

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34
Q

Transcription

A

is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

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35
Q

Translation

A

is the synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA

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36
Q

Order to get DNA to protein

A

DNA- transcription- RNA- (from nucleus to cytoplasm) translation- protein

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37
Q

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA provides

A

a code for constructing a protein

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38
Q

Protein construction requires a ..

A

conversion of a nucleotide sequence to an amino acid sequence

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39
Q

Transcription rewrites the..

A

DNA code into RNA using the same nucleotide “language”

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40
Q

Translation involves..

A

switching from the nucleotide “language” to the amino acid “language”

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41
Q

The flow of info from gene to protein is based on a

A

triplet code

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42
Q

Codons

A

Series of non overlapping 3 base ‘words’

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43
Q

Genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in..

A

DNA and RNA as a series of codons

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44
Q

Each amino acid is specified by a..

A

codon

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45
Q

How many codons are possible from the 4 nucleotides

A

64

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46
Q

Some amino acids have…

A

more than 1 possible codon

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47
Q

Genetic code is…

A

a set of rules that relate codons in RNA to amino acids in proteins

48
Q

_ nucleotides specify _ amino acid

A

3;1

49
Q

__ codons correspond to amino acids

A

61

50
Q

_ stop codons signal end of translation

A

3

51
Q

The one start codon is __ and also codes for…

A

AUG; methionine

52
Q

4 things the genetic code is..

A
  • redundant
  • unambiguous
  • w/o punctuation
  • nearly universal
53
Q

How the genetic code is redundant

A

more than 1 codon for some amino acids

54
Q

How the genetic code is unambiguous

A

any codon for one amino acid does not code for any other amino acid

55
Q

How the genetic code is without punctuation

A

codons are adjacent to each other with no gaps in between

56
Q

How the genetic code is nearly universal

A

the genetic code is shared by organisms from the simplest bacteria to the most complex plants and animals

57
Q

RNA nucleotides are linked by the transcription enzyme..

A

RNA polymerase

58
Q

What marks where transcription begins and ends

A

specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA

59
Q

Promotor

A

the ‘start transcribing’ signal is a nucleotide sequence

60
Q

Transcription begins with..

A

initiation, as the RNA polymerase attaches to the promotor

61
Q

During second phase of transcription..

A

elongation where the RNA grows longer

62
Q

As the RNA peels away..

A

the DNA strands rejoin

63
Q

3 phases of transcription

A
  • initiation
  • elongation
  • termination
64
Q

During termination in transcription

A

the RNA polymerase reaches a terminator

65
Q

Terminator

A

sequence of bases in the DNA template which signals end of the gene

66
Q

Finally in transcription

A

the polymerase molecule now ditches from the RNA molecule and the gene

67
Q

RNA transcript is processed before..

A

leaving the nucleus as messenger RNA

68
Q

RNA splicing..

A

cuts and pastes

69
Q

Non coding regions

A

introns

70
Q

Coding regions

A

exons

71
Q

____ removed leaving the ____ that are spliced together

A

introns; exons

72
Q

G nucleotide is added as a..

A

cap

73
Q

Long chain of A nucleotides added as a .

A

tail

74
Q

As a spliced product mRNA is..

A

exported from the nucleus into cytoplasm

75
Q

Transfer RNA

A

molecules function as a language interpreter

76
Q

How tRNA is a language interpreter

A

converting the genetic message of mRNA into the language of proteins

77
Q

tRNA molecules perform this interpreter task by..

A
  • picking up the appropriate amino acids

- using a anticodon to recognize appropriate codons in mRNA

78
Q

Anticodon

A

complementary to codon triplet on mRNA and is single stranded RNA

79
Q

tRNA is ….

A

partially double stranded

80
Q

Anticodon uses..

A

base pair rules

81
Q

Ribosomes

A

large and small subunits that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA

82
Q

Ribosomes catalyze…

A

the synthesis of polypeptides

83
Q

Ribosomes are the binding site for..

A

mRNA and tRNA

84
Q

2 binding sites for tRNA

A
  • A site

- P site

85
Q

Initiation in translation brings together..

A
  • mRNA
  • a tRNA bearing the first amino acid
  • 2 subunits of a ribosome
86
Q

Initiation in translation occurs in __ steps

A

2

87
Q

1st step in initiation in translation

A

mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit and the first tRNA binds to mRNA at the start codon

88
Q

The first tRNA has the anticodon…

A

UAC

89
Q

2nd step in initiation in translation

A

a large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit allowing the ribosome to function

90
Q

The first tRNA occupies the.. ______ which will..

A

P site; hold the growing peptide chain

91
Q

The _____ is available to receive the next tRNA

A

A site

92
Q

Codon recognition

A

the anticodon of incoming tRNA carrying its amino acid, pairs with mRNA codon on A site

93
Q

Peptide bond formation

A

polypeptide transferred from P to A site, ribosome catalyzes bond formation

94
Q

Translocation

A

spent tRNA leaves P site tRNA with new peptide bond moves from A to P site and process repeats

95
Q

Elongation continues until the termination stage of translation when..

A
  • the ribosome reaches a stop codon
  • the completed polypeptide is freed from last tRNA
  • ribosome splits back into separate subunits
96
Q

3 stages of translation

A
  • initiation
  • elongation
  • termination
97
Q

Mutation

A

any change in DNA nucleotide sequence

98
Q

Mutations may be _____ or _______

A

large regions of chromosome; a single nucleotide pair

99
Q

Mutation often detrimental but can be…

A

beneficial and allows for genetic diversity or may create new alleles w/ benefits

100
Q

Mutations within a gene can be divided into..

A

2 general categories

101
Q

1st category of mutations

A

base substitutions involve the replacement of one nucleotide with another

102
Q

Base substitutions may..

A
  • be a silent mutation
  • be a missense mutation
  • be a nonsense mutation
  • lead to a base substitution that produces an improved protein that enhances the success of the mutant organism
103
Q

Silent mutation

A

base substitution that have no effect at all

104
Q

Missense mutation

A

base substitution that change the amino acid coding which produces a different amino acid

105
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

base substitutions may change an amino acid into a stop codon

106
Q

2nd category of mutations

A

mutations can result in deletions or insertions

107
Q

Mutagenesis

A

production of mutations

108
Q

Mutations can be caused by

A
  • spontaneous errors that occur during DNA replication or recombination
  • mutagens
109
Q

Mutagens include

A
  • high energy radiation such as X rays

- chemicals

110
Q

UV radiation causes..

A

skin cancer

111
Q

How does UV radiations cause skin cancer

A

DNA absorbs UV radiation, results in thymine dimer which distorts DNA which causes mutation of genes

112
Q

Tanning beds increase skin cancer risk by

A

75%

113
Q

Nucleotide excision repair (NER)

A

repairs thymine dimers and uses 30 diff enzymes and proteins

114
Q

Unprepared thymine dimers lead to..

A

mutation

115
Q

Mutations allow bacteria to..

A

resist antibiotics

116
Q

Antibiotics

A

drugs that kill infectious microorganisms

117
Q

Overuse of antibiotics have..

A

driven evolution in bacteria

Biol 1000 (15 decks)

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