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Flashcards in Chapter 1- The Science of Biology Deck (33)
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1
Q

Populational Level

A

Population

Spices

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere (Earth)

Populational level = Population

2
Q

Describe the 7 key characteristics of life (from atoms to organisms to the population)

A
  1. Composed of cells
  2. Complex and ordered
  3. Respond to their environment (stimuli)
  4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. Obtain and use energy
  6. Maintain internal balance (homeostasis)
  7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation
3
Q

Explain the relationship between the hierarchical organization and emergent properties

A

Emergent Properties result from the interaction of chemical and biological components that emerge as you go up the hierarchial organization.

*With each Step Upward in the biological hierarchy, new properties emerge that were not present at the simpler organizational levels.

4
Q

Describe the scientific approach to studying nature

A

Science aims to understand the natural world through observation and reasoning.

5
Q

Describe how scientific experiments are designed by giving an example of an experiment. Describe correctly use and explain the following terms: Observation, hypothesis, prediction, variable ( dependent and independent), controlled (standardized) variables, control group, experimental or test group, and conclusion. (Much of this will come from week 1 of lab)

A

Observation, questions, and hypothesis

Hypothesis is possible explanation for an observation or how something works.

Prediction is what happens in a given situation if your hypothesis is correct

Variable is the factor suggested as the cause in the prediction

Controlled variables you try to keep at an constant (s)

Control group have variables that are NOT altered

Experimental or test group have variables that are altered

Conclusion

6
Q

What does the term theory mean to scientists?

A

A theory is the highest ranking of scientific idea to exist ( ex. The Theory of Evolution)

7
Q

Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotic Cell:
1. “Studio apartment” of cells

  1. Small, one room
  2. Archaea & bacteria

Eukaryotic Cell:
1. “3 bedroom/2 bathroom house”

  1. Has many organelles/compartments
  2. Bigger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
  3. Eukarya
8
Q

List the domains and distinguish among the six kingdoms

A

3 Domains of life (General)
1. Eukarya: Eukarya Cells

  1. Archaea*: Similar to bacteria
  2. Bacteria*

6 Kingdoms of Life (Specific)
1. Plantae

  1. Fungi
  2. Animalia
  3. Protista
  4. Arachaea*
  5. Bacteria*
    * Both a domain and a kingdom (prokaryotic cell)
9
Q

Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis:

  1. Must be tested to determine its validity
  2. Is often tested in many different ways
  3. Allows for predictions to be made
  4. Must be testable and falsifiable

Iterative- hypothesis can be changed and refined with new data

10
Q

Prediction

A
  1. Provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses
  2. The hypothesis must be rejected if the experiment produces results inconsistent with the predictions
  3. The more experimentally supported predictions a hypothesis makes, the more valid the hypothesis
  4. Results either support or don’t support (They don’t “Prove” or “Disprove”
11
Q

Variables: Dependent and Independent

A

Dependent variable is the factor that is measured or counted ( “the outcome variable”)

Independent variable is the factor under study

12
Q

Theory

A

A theory is respected and generally considered to be “true” if it has been continually tested but never falsified

Theories are underlying principles of science that are sustained by many different lines of evidence and have never been proven false through repeated sets of prediction and experimentation

13
Q

7 Characteristics of all living organisms

A
  1. Composed of cells
  2. Complex and ordered
  3. Respond to their environment
  4. Can grow, develop and reproduce
  5. Obtain and use energy
  6. Maintain internal balance
  7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation
14
Q

Cellular level

A

Atoms, molecules. organelles, cells

Cells is the basic unit of life

15
Q

Organismal level

A

Tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

16
Q

Experiment

A

Testes the hypothesis

Must be carefully designed to test only one variable at a time

Consists of a test experiment and a control experiment

17
Q

Philosophical approaches to science

A

Reductionism
To break a complex process down to its simpler parts

Systems biology
Focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at simpler parts

18
Q

Darwin and Evolution

A

Example of how scientist develops hypothesis and theory gains acceptance.

30yrs of observation and study before publishing: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

Darwin first to propose evolution (living things have changed over time)

Darwin contribution was the mechanism of Natural Selection

19
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Darwin studied his book: An Essay on the Principle of Population

Populations of plants and animals increase geometrically

Humans can only increase their food supply arithmetically

Populations of species remain constant because death limits population numbers

20
Q

Fossil Record

A

Transitional forms have been found at predicted positions in time

21
Q

Earth’s Age

A

Physicists of Darwin’s time were wrong. The Earth is 4.5 billion years old

22
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Vertebrate forelimbs all share the same basic array of bones

Homologous same evolutionary origins but now differ in structure and function

Analogous structures of different origin used for the same purpose (butterfly and bird wings)

23
Q

Molecular Evidence

A

Compare genomes or proteins of different organisms

Phylogenetic trees based on tracing origin of particular nucleotide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history

24
Q

Cell Theory

A

All organisms composed of cells

Cells are life’s basic units

All cells come from preexisting cells

25
Q

Molecular basis of inheritance

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell’s information

Gene- discrete unit of information (single set)

Genome- entire set of DNA instructions

Continuity of life depends on faithful copying of DNA into child cells

26
Q

Evolutionary conservation

A

All organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 BYA

Some characteristics preserved- use of DNA

Conservation reflects that they have a fundamental role

27
Q

Cells

A

Cells are information- processing systems

Information in DNA used to direct synthesis of cellular components. Control of gene expression leads to different cells/tissue types

Cell process environmental information. Glucose levels, presence of hormones

Cells in multicellular organisms must coordinate with each other

28
Q

Nonequilibrium State

A

Living systems are open systems

Constant supply of energy needed

Self-organizing properties at different levels

Emergent properties from collections of molecules, cells, and individuals

29
Q

Describe the 3 levels of biological organization

A
  1. Cellular level
  2. Organismal level
  3. Populational level
30
Q

Describe the Cellular Level of biological organization

A

Atoms ( ex: C, O, N, M)

Molecules (ex: H2O)

Macromolecules (ex: DNA C6H12O6)

Organelles ( “little organs,” ex. mitochondria)

Cells

*Cellular= Cells

Smallest——————————————Largest

31
Q

Describe the Organismal Level of biological organization

A

Tissues ( groups of cells working together for the same purpose ex: Nerve cells)

Organs (ex: brain)

Organ System ( ex: the nervous system)

Organism (ex: cat)

Organismal= Organ

Smallest——————————————Largest

32
Q

6 steps in scientific study

A
  1. Observation
  2. Form a question
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Conduct an experiment
  5. Analysis data
  6. Conclusion
33
Q

Natural Selection

A

Living creatures with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce. And pass favorable traits to the next generation. To help survive in their environment.