Chapter 1: Major Themes Of A&P Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 1: Major Themes Of A&P Deck (43)
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1
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the front or belly

2
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back or spine

3
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the ventral side

4
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the dorsal side

5
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the head or superior end

6
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the forehead or nose

7
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail or inferior end

8
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

9
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body

10
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the body surface

11
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the body surface

12
Q

Medical imaging

A

Viewing the inside of the body without surgery

13
Q

Radiology

A

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging

14
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structures seen with the naked eye

15
Q

Histology

A

Examination or study of tissues with a microscope

16
Q

Histopathogy

A

Tissues with signs of disease

17
Q

Cytology

A

Study of structure and function of cells

18
Q

Ultra structure

A

View detail under electron microscope

19
Q

Subdisciplines of physiology

A

Neurophysiology - nervous system

Endocrinology- hormones

Pathophysiology - disease

20
Q

Reductionism

A

Large complex systems can be understood by studying their simpler components

21
Q

Holism

A

Emergent properties of the whole organism can’t be predicted from the properties of separate parts

  • healthcare providers must treat the whole person, not just a disease or organ system
22
Q

Cellular composition

A

Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

23
Q

Metabolism

A

Internal chemical reactions

24
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)

25
Q

Claude Bernard

A

Noted constant internal conditions

26
Q

Walter Cannon

A

Coined the term homeostasis

27
Q

Negative feedback

A

The body sense a change and “negates” or reverses it

28
Q

Receptor

A

Structure that sense change in the body

29
Q

Integrating control center

A

Processes sensory information, “makes a decision”, and directs the response

30
Q

Effector

A

Cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

31
Q

Positive feedback

A

Self amplifying cycle - leads to change in same direction, change produces more change, it loops

32
Q

Gradient

A

A difference in chemical concentration

33
Q

90% of medical terms come from…

A

Greek and Latin roots

34
Q

Cell theory

A

All structure and function result from the activity of cells

35
Q

Charles Darwin

A

First book origin of species by nat selection (1859) presented well supported theory of evolution

2nd book the descent of man (1871) Darwin addressed issue of human evolution

36
Q

Evolution

A

The change in genetic composition of a population of organisms

37
Q

Natural selection

A

The principle theory of how evolution works

  • some individuals have hereditary advantages that allow them to produce more offspring
  • selection pressures are forces like climate, predators, disease, competition and food
38
Q

Adaptations

A

Features of an organism that have evolved in response to selection pressures

39
Q

Hierarchy of complexity in the body

A
Organism
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelles
Molecules
Atoms
40
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis reactions

41
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown reactions

42
Q

Mutation

A

Change in DNA structure

43
Q

Unity of form and function

A

Form and function compliment each other, physiology cannot be divorced from anatomy