Chapter 1: From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River Valley Civilizations- 8000-1500 BCE Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 1: From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River Valley Civilizations- 8000-1500 BCE Deck (43)
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1
Q

The Agricultural Revolutions

A

Occured at different times around the world. They were the shift from food gathering to food production.

2
Q

What did Neolithic societies domesticate?

A

They domesticated crops and animals. The domestication of animals began with dogs to help hunters track game.

3
Q

What is pastoralism?

A

A way of life dependant on herds of stock. People migrated with herds and stock to new pastures and watering places.

4
Q

Why did people begin to migrate and transition from food gathering to food production?

A

Climate change caused this worldwide transition. This shift allowed for a dependable food source which led to a growth in population.

5
Q

Compare and contrast the food aspects of Neolithic and Paleolithic communities.

A

Neolithic communities had a more reliable food supply BUT
Their diet had less variety and nutrition. Historians know this because they had shorter skeletons.
They had to work harder and longer than the 3-5 hour work Paleo work day.
Their death rate was higher due to contagious diseases and contamination that spread due to human waste in settlements.

6
Q

What did the dependable food supply allow farmers to do over several millennia?

A

Farmers gradually outnumbered foragers over several millennia.

7
Q

What did Neolithic people build?

A

They built megaliths, buildings related to religious beliefs.

8
Q

What were two of the largest and most preserved Neolithic settlements?

A

Çatal Hüyük and Jericho were 2 prominent Neolithic city-states. Çatal Hüyük is in southern Anatolia and was one of the first city-states, thriving from 7500 BCE- 5700 BCE.

9
Q

What were some of the hallmarks of a civilization?

A
  1. Advanced cities partially dependent on trade.
  2. Specialization
  3. Recordkeeping
  4. Complex institutions, like religion and government
  5. Advanced technology and arts
10
Q

What was the first civilization and where did it arise?

A

The first civilization was Sumeria in Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE.

11
Q

Why did the Sumerians develop irrigation?

A

Southern Mesopotamia was hot and dry, so they had to channel floodwater into nearby fields. Later on, they learned to construct canals to supply water.

12
Q

Who created the first written record?

A

The Sumerians created the first written record at least by 5000 BCE.

13
Q

The Semites were the first to record__?

A

Personal names.

14
Q

Sumerians and Semites lived in peace. The Semites adopted ____?

A

Their culture. The Semites also became politically dominant around 2000 BCE, and biologically merged. Akkadian gained precedent over Sumerian. The Semitic Gods indicate cultural borrowing from the Sumerians as well.

15
Q

Mesopotamian farmers usually lived in___?

A

Villages, which consisted of a group of familes, around a few hundred people.

16
Q

Successful villages formed ___?

A

Satellite villages, which collected crop surplus, provided military protection, and a market, forming a city-state.

17
Q

What did Sargon do?

A

Sargon, ruler of Akkad, conquered and united the cities c. 2350 BCE. He destroyed walls of conquered cities and adopted cuneiform, as well as a uniform weights and measures system.

18
Q

After Akkadian rule fell, the Third Dynasty of Ur rose and revived___?

A

Sumerian language and culture.

19
Q

The Amorites founded a new city at ___ ruled by ___?

A

Babylon ruled by Hammurabi, who initiated a series of aggressive military campaigns, and Babylon became the capital.

20
Q

Hammurabi’s Law Code kept justice by physical punishment as opposed to Ur’s ____ punishments.

A

Monetary.

21
Q

The Law Code of Hammurabi classified the following social divisions:

A
  1. free landowners
  2. work force
  3. slaves
    Penalties were dependant on class.
22
Q

Over time, women____.

A

Lost social standing and freedom due to the heavy labor needed for agriculture.

23
Q

When the Semites became dominant, they equated their deities with those of the Sumerians. Religion was

A

Public, state-organized. Temples were considered the god’s residence.

24
Q

Meso: Temple rituals reflected___.

A

The Babylonian Creation Myth that humankind existed only to serve the gods.

25
Q

Meso: From where did writing originate and what was it called?

A

From a system of tokens used to keep track of property. Cuneiform was created by pressing reeds into moist clay tablets.

26
Q

Why did the Mesopotamians develop math?

A

Astronomy was a big part of their religion. They developed the base-60 system.

27
Q

Why was Egypt more self-sufficient than Mesopotamia?

A

They had more natural resources.

28
Q

Egypt: Increasing population called for more complex __

A

political structure. Originally, there were local kingships, until later unified by Menes. Thus, later kings were called the “Ruler of the Two Lands.”

29
Q

Egypt discovered ___ early on, unlike Mesopotamia.

A

Unity.

30
Q

Egypt saw pharaohs as the divinely authorized order of the universe and thus the source of law and justice, so there was no ___.

A

Impersonal code like Hammurabi’s in Mesopotamia.

31
Q

Egypt: 3rd Dynasty king Djoser ordered the construction of ___.

A

pyramids.

32
Q

In Egypt, ruling dynasties placed capitals near

A

Their original power base.

33
Q

There were no urban middle class ___ in Egypt like in Mesopotamia.

A

Traders.

34
Q

A hallmark of the ruling class in Egypt was ___.

A

Literacy.

35
Q

What system of writing developed at the beginning of the Early Dynastic period in Egypt?

A

Hieroglyphics, written with ink on papyrus.

36
Q

A larger percentage of people lived in ____ villages in Egypt than Mesopotamia.

A

Farming villages, because more wealth could be acquired from cultivating land.

37
Q

Egypt had less pronounced ___ than Mesopotamia.

A

social divisions.

38
Q

Egyptian women had ___.

A

Great respect and more legal rights than Mesopotamian women.

39
Q

The Egyptians believed in ___.

A

An afterlife. Thus, they put a lot of effort in to mummification.

40
Q

What spurred math development in Egypt?

A

Endless flooding. Math was used to calculate fields and the amount of food owed. They constructed the most accurate calendar in the world.

41
Q

The Indus River overflows ___

A

Twice a year.

42
Q

Indus: The two main cities were

A

Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro. They had the same styles and artifacts as smaller cities.

43
Q

What is the Holocene?

A

Climate change that ended the Ice Age in 9000 BCE

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