what is the study of disease?
pathology
what is the name for origin of disease or the “why”?
etiology- including underlying causes and modifying factors
-genetic and environmental
what is the name for steps in development of disease or the “how”?
pathogenesis
it describes how etiologic factors produce cellular and molecular changes that give rise to specific functional and structural abnormalities
what are 2 things cellular homeostasis, by maintaining a steady state, preserve?
viability and function
if a cell’s ability to adapt is exceeded, what results?
injury
what are the 2 types of cellular injury?
reversible and irreversible
what is a phenotype?
obervable characteristic or trait
maintaining different phenotypes from one to another is the result of?
genes + environment
what are the 4 types of cellular adaptations?
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia
irreversible injury leads to what?
necrosis
apoptosis
comes from prolonged or severe injury
which cellular adaptation is described as an increase in size of cells/ organs?
hypertrophy
which cellular adaptation is incapable of replication?
hypertropy
hypertrophy is the result of?
overloading
increasing growth factors
what is a physiologic example of hypertrophy?
lifting weights/ plyometrics
what is a pathologic example of hypertrophy?
HBP- cardiac hypertrophy
valvular stenosis
swelling and steatosis are also both examples of?
hypertrophy
what is the definition of hyperplasia?
increase in NUMBER of cells
what is hyperplasia the result of?
hormonal factors
compensatory factors, gene activation
what is a physiological example of hyperplasia?
liver donation
female breast
what are the possible causes of cerebral atrophy?
atherosclerosis
malnutrition
alzheimers
huntington’s disease
when atrophy occurs, what happens to protein?
there is a DECREASE in protein synthesis and INCREASE in protein breakdown
atrophy is the result of what 5 things?
immobilization denervation ischemia- decreased blood nutrients endocrine disruption aging
when cerebral tissue atrophies, what happens to the gyri and sulci?
gyri narrow
sulci widen
what are the consequences of metaplasia?
when structure alters, function decreases
there is a risk for malignant malformation
what are the mechanisms of cellular injury?
depletion of ATP mitochondrial damage influx of calcium oxidative stress defects in membrane permeability DNA and protein damage
hypoxia, nutritional deficiencies, mitochondrial damage and toxins are all things that cause what type of cellular injury?
depletion of ATP
hypoxia, toxins, irradiation are all examples of problems that can cause what type of cellular injury?
mitochondrial damage
ischemia and toxins both cause what type of cellular injury?
influx of calcium
with a depletion of ATP what process is also decreased?
oxidative phosphorylation
with a depletion of ATP there are also other effects, name 3?
increase in anaerobic glycolysis- lactic acid build up, pH prob
decreased brain function- glycolysis
ATP-dependent Na and Ca pumps leading to excess Na and Ca
mitochondrial damage- a type of cellular injury- leads to what?
decreased ATP
increased ROS
activate apoptosis
an influx of calcium increases several enzymes which have damaging effects as well as?
increase in capsases which leads to apoptosis
ischemia reperfusion injury is what type of cellular injury?
oxidative stress
oxidative stress leads to what 3 problems?
cellular aging
inflammation
ischemia-reperfusion injury
accumulation of ROS leads to?
oxidative stress
ischemia, toxins, physical trauma and complement activation can all lead to?
defects in membrane permeability
defects in membrane permeability lead to what?
decreased phospholipid synthesis
increased phospholipid breakdown
cytoskeleton abnormalities
mitochondrial, plasma and lysosomal membrane damage
necrosis
severe oxidative stress, irridation, abnormal protein folding all lead to?
DNA and protein damage
when cell injury gets all the way to DNA and protein damage, what changes?
it becomes irreversible and irreparable
stimulates apoptosis
intracellular accumulations happen?
within aged or injured cells- inside cytoplasm, organelles or nucleus