chapter 1 cell injury, death, adaptations Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in chapter 1 cell injury, death, adaptations Deck (40)
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1
Q

what is the study of disease?

A

pathology

2
Q

what is the name for origin of disease or the “why”?

A

etiology- including underlying causes and modifying factors

-genetic and environmental

3
Q

what is the name for steps in development of disease or the “how”?

A

pathogenesis

it describes how etiologic factors produce cellular and molecular changes that give rise to specific functional and structural abnormalities

4
Q

what are 2 things cellular homeostasis, by maintaining a steady state, preserve?

A

viability and function

5
Q

if a cell’s ability to adapt is exceeded, what results?

A

injury

6
Q

what are the 2 types of cellular injury?

A

reversible and irreversible

7
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

obervable characteristic or trait

8
Q

maintaining different phenotypes from one to another is the result of?

A

genes + environment

9
Q

what are the 4 types of cellular adaptations?

A

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia

10
Q

irreversible injury leads to what?

A

necrosis
apoptosis

comes from prolonged or severe injury

11
Q

which cellular adaptation is described as an increase in size of cells/ organs?

A

hypertrophy

12
Q

which cellular adaptation is incapable of replication?

A

hypertropy

13
Q

hypertrophy is the result of?

A

overloading

increasing growth factors

14
Q

what is a physiologic example of hypertrophy?

A

lifting weights/ plyometrics

15
Q

what is a pathologic example of hypertrophy?

A

HBP- cardiac hypertrophy

valvular stenosis

16
Q

swelling and steatosis are also both examples of?

A

hypertrophy

17
Q

what is the definition of hyperplasia?

A

increase in NUMBER of cells

18
Q

what is hyperplasia the result of?

A

hormonal factors

compensatory factors, gene activation

19
Q

what is a physiological example of hyperplasia?

A

liver donation

female breast

20
Q

what are the possible causes of cerebral atrophy?

A

atherosclerosis
malnutrition
alzheimers
huntington’s disease

21
Q

when atrophy occurs, what happens to protein?

A

there is a DECREASE in protein synthesis and INCREASE in protein breakdown

22
Q

atrophy is the result of what 5 things?

A
immobilization
denervation
ischemia- decreased blood nutrients 
endocrine disruption
aging
23
Q

when cerebral tissue atrophies, what happens to the gyri and sulci?

A

gyri narrow

sulci widen

24
Q

what are the consequences of metaplasia?

A

when structure alters, function decreases

there is a risk for malignant malformation

25
Q

what are the mechanisms of cellular injury?

A
depletion of ATP
mitochondrial damage
influx of calcium
oxidative stress
defects in membrane permeability
DNA and protein damage
26
Q

hypoxia, nutritional deficiencies, mitochondrial damage and toxins are all things that cause what type of cellular injury?

A

depletion of ATP

27
Q

hypoxia, toxins, irradiation are all examples of problems that can cause what type of cellular injury?

A

mitochondrial damage

28
Q

ischemia and toxins both cause what type of cellular injury?

A

influx of calcium

29
Q

with a depletion of ATP what process is also decreased?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

30
Q

with a depletion of ATP there are also other effects, name 3?

A

increase in anaerobic glycolysis- lactic acid build up, pH prob

decreased brain function- glycolysis

ATP-dependent Na and Ca pumps leading to excess Na and Ca

31
Q

mitochondrial damage- a type of cellular injury- leads to what?

A

decreased ATP
increased ROS
activate apoptosis

32
Q

an influx of calcium increases several enzymes which have damaging effects as well as?

A

increase in capsases which leads to apoptosis

33
Q

ischemia reperfusion injury is what type of cellular injury?

A

oxidative stress

34
Q

oxidative stress leads to what 3 problems?

A

cellular aging
inflammation
ischemia-reperfusion injury

35
Q

accumulation of ROS leads to?

A

oxidative stress

36
Q

ischemia, toxins, physical trauma and complement activation can all lead to?

A

defects in membrane permeability

37
Q

defects in membrane permeability lead to what?

A

decreased phospholipid synthesis
increased phospholipid breakdown
cytoskeleton abnormalities

mitochondrial, plasma and lysosomal membrane damage

necrosis

38
Q

severe oxidative stress, irridation, abnormal protein folding all lead to?

A

DNA and protein damage

39
Q

when cell injury gets all the way to DNA and protein damage, what changes?

A

it becomes irreversible and irreparable

stimulates apoptosis

40
Q

intracellular accumulations happen?

A

within aged or injured cells- inside cytoplasm, organelles or nucleus