solutes are
dissolved substances
solutes include ____ and _____
electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
electrolytes can be ____ or ____
cations (+) or anions (-)
electrolytes are measured in ____ or ____
milliequivalent per liter (mEq/L) or milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)
nonelectrolytes include ____, _____, _____
glucose, urea, and creatinine
nonelectrolytes do not _____ when placed in solution
dissociate
passive transport occurs when ___ and ___ move through pores
water and small electrically charged molecules move through pores
passive transport does not require
energy
list the four types of passive transport
- diffusion (concentration gradient)
- passive mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
- filtration (hydrostatic pressure)
- osmosis
diffusion occurs when a solute is moved from _____ to ____
an area of greater concentration to an ares of lesser concentration
passive mediated transport occurs when a ______ moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without _____
a protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expanding metabolic energy
filtration occurs when water and solutes move through a membrane because of…
a greater pressure on one side of the membrane than on the other side
osmosis occurs when water moves ____ a _____
down a concentration gradient
osmotic pressure is the amount of _____ required to oppose the ______
hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water
_____ or ______ is the overall osmotic effects of colloids, such as plasma proteins
oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure
tonicity is the…
effective osmolality of a solution
osmolarity is the measure of the number of _____ or the concentration of ______
the measure of milliosmoles per liter of solution or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution
osmolality is the measure of the number or ______ or the concentration of _____
the measure of the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water
isotonic means the same ______ or ______ as the intracellular fluid (ICF) or extracellular fluid (ECF)
same osmolality or concentration of particles (285 mOsm/kg) as the intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid
hypertonic is a concentration of more than ___ to ____
more than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg
hypotonic is a _____ concentration, more ____ than body fluids
lower concentration, more dilute than body fluids
mediated transport can be ____ or ____
passive or active
active transport is when _____ and _____ are moved into the cell
larger molecules and molecular complexes (i.e. ligand-receptor complexes) are moved into the cell
active transport requires
expenditure of energy
active transport moves molecules across a
concentration gradient
active transport is mediated by
proteins
example of active transport pump
ion channels with carrier (potassium-sodium pump)
endocytosis is ____ transport by vesicle formation
active
list two types of endocytosis
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
endocytosis means ____
taking in
______ is an internalized process during which a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell and invaginate and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves inside the cell
endocytosis
pinocytosis is when ____ of ECF and its contents occur
cell ingestion
phagocytosis is when large molecular substances/microbes are ____ by the plasma membrane and enter the cell so these substances can be ____ and ____ by ____ enzymes
large molecular substances/microbes are engulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell so these substances can be isolated and destroyed by lysosomal enzymes
exocytosis is also a form of ____ which is ____
active transport which is expelling
____ is the difference in voltage across the plasma membrane
resting membrane potential
all body cells are _____
electrically polarized
the inside of the cell is more ____ charged than the outside
the inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside
5 steps in action potential
- depolarization
- threshold potential
- repolarization
- refractory period (absolute and relative)
- hypopolarization and hyperpolarization
a completed cycle of cell reproduction takes approximately ___-____
12-24 hours
different rates occur in the ____ of cell reproduction
phases
cell growth factors are AKA
cytokines
______ stimulates connective tissue growth
platelet-derived growth factor
4 tissue types
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- neural
____ tissue covers most internal and external body surfaces
epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue can be: 1. \_\_\_ vs \_\_\_\_ 2. 3. 4. 5.
- simple or stratified
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
- pseudo stratified
structures on epithelial tissue include ___ and ____
cilia and microvilli
4 functions of epithelial tissue
protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
5 types of connective tissue
cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organs
4 functions of CT
- framework for forming organs
- binding
- supporting
- storing excess nutrients
2 basic components of CT (loose or dense)
- ground substance
2. fibers
muscle tissue is mostly composed of
myocytes
3 examples of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
contractile tissue of muscle tissue enables ___ and ____ movement
involuntary and voluntary movement
5 structures in neural tissue
- neurons
- synapses
- cell body
- axons
- dendrites
function of neural tissue is to…
receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly across junctions called synapses (neurotransmitters)