Chapter 1 and 2 Test Review Flashcards Preview

AP Human Geography > Chapter 1 and 2 Test Review > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 1 and 2 Test Review Deck (39)
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1
Q

space-time compression

A

describes the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place
technology has accelerated the process of cultural diffusion

2
Q

cartogram

A

a map in which some thematic mapping variable – such as travel time, population, or Gross National Product – is substituted for land area or distance

3
Q

Mercator projection

A
scale is true at the equator or at two standard parallels equidistant from the equator:
used for navigation;
distorts the poles;
direction is consistent, 
map is rectangular
4
Q

map distortion

A

a change in shape, size, or position of a place when it’s shown on a map

5
Q

Robinson projection

A

scale is true only on the central meridian and the parallels;
used in countries with larger north-south than east-west;
distances measured from center are true;
distortion increases away from center point

6
Q

indigenous

A

culture group that constitutes original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant culture which is often derived from colonial occupation

7
Q

place

A

another word for location; used to connote the subjective, ideographic, humanistic, culturally oriented type of geography that seeks to understand the unique character of individual regions

8
Q

space

A

term used to connote the objective, theoretical, model-based economics-oriented geography that seeks to understand spatial systems

9
Q

Prime Meridian

A

the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England; is the meridian at 0 degrees

10
Q

scale

A

refers to the relationship of a feature size on a map to the actual size on Earth

11
Q

longitude

A

number system used to determine the location of each meridian

12
Q

globalization

A

increasing interconnection of all regions in the world through politics, communication, transportation, marketing, manufacturing, and social and cultural processes

13
Q

placelessness

A

spatial standardization;
no special relationship to particular location;
examples: roadside strip shopping malls, gas/petrol stations and convenience stores, fast food chains, and chain department stores

14
Q

possibilism

A

school of thought based on the belief that humans are the primary active force; humans decide what to do

15
Q

mechanistic view of nature

A

view that humans are not integrated with nature

16
Q

environmental perception

A

belief that culture depends on what people perceive; the environment is colored by culture

17
Q

latitude

A

number system to indicate the location of a parallel on Earth

18
Q

environmental determinism

A

belief that cultures are directly or indirectly shaped by the physical environment

19
Q

time-distance decay

A

the decrease in acceptance of a cultural innovation with increasing time and distance from its origin

20
Q

density

A

the frequency with which something occurs in space

21
Q

dispersion

A

the movement of people, ideas, or things from one location to other locations

22
Q

independent innovation

A

cultural innovation that is developed in two or more locations by individuals or groups working independently

23
Q

indigenous technical knowledge

A

the knowledge that a particular community acquired from their personal experience which they gain from ancestors over a long period of time;
place based and developed through trial and error

24
Q

absorbing barrier

A

barrier that complete halts diffusion of innovations and blocks the spread of cultural elements

25
Q

permeable barrier

A

barrier that permits some aspects of an innovation to diffuse through it or weakens or retards the spread of innovation

26
Q

material culture

A

all physical, tangible objects made and used by members of a cultural group; includes clothes, buildings, tools, utensils, instruments, furniture, artwork

27
Q

nonmaterial culture

A

the wide range of tales, songs, lore, beliefs, values and customs that pass from generation to generation as part of an oral or written tradition

28
Q

popular culture

A

dynamic culture based on large, heterogeneous society permitting individualism, innovation and change;
relationships more numerous but less personal;
mass media shapes popular culture

29
Q

folk culture

A

distinguish traditional ways of life in rural spaces;
small, cohesive, stable, isolated self-sufficient group that is homogenous in custom and race;
characterized by a strong family or clan structure;
order maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family;
interpersonal relations are strong

30
Q

nodes

A

a central point in a culture or region where functions are coordinated and directed

31
Q

vernacular region

A

cultural region perceived to exist by its inhabitants;
often have language or customs native to a region.
examples: “Dixie” and “Midwest”

32
Q

formal region

A

a region with a defined, predetermined boundary.

example:school district, a country, a city zoning district, a no-fly-zone

33
Q

functional region

A

areas served by business and economic activities

example: the local cable or power company

34
Q

convergence hypothesis

A

cultures are converging;

evidence includes the geographic distribution of names

35
Q

folk landscape

A

the study of special patterns and ecology of traditional groups

36
Q

relocation diffusion

A

spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another;
caused when people migrate from place to place and bring their culture with them;
examples: spread of languages, spread of AIDS

37
Q

expansion diffusion

A

ideas or innovation that spreads outward from the hearth

38
Q

hierarchical diffusion

A

spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or place;
usually starts in a populated area and slowly diffuses to less and less populated areas
examples: architecture, hip-hop music

39
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

spread of underlying principle even though characteristic itself fails to diffuse;
idea or innovation sparked by an idea that diffused in from another culture;
example: McDonalds in India