Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology Deck (45)
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1
Q

Using an example from a sport of your choice, identify the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint. (4)

A

AO1
• Flexion (1)
• Extension (1)

AO2
Answers must contain the movement and a relevant sporting example.
• (Flexion) lifting a hockey stick in preparation to strike the ball (1)
• (Extension) movement of the stick downwards to strike the ball (1)

2
Q

Breathing enables gaseous exchange to occur at the alveoli.

Outline how two features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange. (2)

A
  • Large surface area of alveoli to allow larger volumes of gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream (1)
  • Moist thin walls / one cell thick creating a short distance for diffusion / short diffusion pathway (1)
  • Lots of capillaries around the alveoli so large area for gas exchange (1)
  • Large blood supply to carry gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide (1)
  • Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration means there is a pressure gradient which allows diffusion to occur (1)
3
Q

Name two flat bones and, using a sporting action of your choice, suggest how these bones provide protection during performance. (4)

A
  • Cranium (1 × AO1)
  • Provides protection for the brain whilst heading a football / equivalent (1 × AO2)
  • Sternum (1 × AO1)
  • Provides protection to the heart when controlling a football on the chest / equivalent (1 × AO2)
  • Scapula (1 × AO1)
  • Provides protection for the shoulder joint during contact made with another player when catching a netball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
  • Ribs (1 × AO1)
  • Protect the lungs during any impact with a hockey ball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
  • Pelvis (1 × AO1)
  • Protects the reproductive system / bladder during contact made in a rugby tackle / equivalent (1 × AO2)
4
Q

(b) Outline how two of the features of the shoulder joint aim to prevent injury occurring.

A
  • Shape of the articular surface / bones – allows bones to fit together (1)
    • Ligaments – attach bone to bone / restrict movement (1)
    • Joint capsule / fibrous capsule – lined with synovial membrane / encloses / supports / joints (1)
    • Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid (1)
    • Synovial fluid – provides lubrication (1)
    • Cartilage (hyaline / articular) – prevents friction / stops bones rubbing together (1)
    • Bursae (sacks of fluid) – to reduce friction (1)
5
Q

Identify the type of synovial joint working at the shoulder. (1)

A

Ball and Socket

6
Q

Define cardiac output. (1)

A
  • The amount of blood ejected / pumped from the heart in one minute (1)
  • Stroke volume × heart rate (1)
7
Q

In 1999, Michael Johnson set a new world record for the 400m with a time of 43.18 seconds.

(a) Justify why his performance was mainly aerobic or anaerobic. (4)

A

AO2
• Anaerobic (1)

AO3 (sub-max 3 marks)
• 400m is a sprint event and all sprint events are anaerobic (1)
• Maximal intensity / effort and low duration means insufficient oxygen is available to work aerobically (1)
• Energy demand is higher than oxygen available, therefore anaerobic (1)
• No reduction in intensity / time to rest to repay oxygen debt (1)
• Body uses glucose → energy + lactic acid because of the lack of oxygen (1)

8
Q

How is maximal heart rate calculated? (1)

A

Maximum heart rate (220 bpm) minus age / 220 – age (1)

9
Q

Define the terms tidal volume and residual volume (2)

A
  • Tidal volume – volume of air inspired or expired / exchanged per breath (1)
  • Residual volume – volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration (1)
10
Q

Outline what will happen to tidal volume and residual volume once exercise starts. (2)

A
  • Tidal volume increases (once exercise starts) (1)

* Residual volume stays the same (once exercise starts) (1)

11
Q

Name the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint. (2)

A
  • Flexion or bending or decreasing the angle (between the bones).
  • Extension or straightening or increasing the angle (between the bones).
12
Q

What is meant by the term ‘fatigue’? (1)

A

Fatigue is a feeling of extreme or severe (physical or mental) tiredness or exhaustion. (1)

13
Q

Explain how fatigue may occur and state the negative effect that it can have on a performer in a named physical activity. (2)

A

Caused by:

  • over exertion.
  • prolonged physical activity.
  • build-up of lactic acid.
  • lack of oxygen to the muscles.
  • when energy demand out-strips supply. (1)

A performer may:

  • lose concentration.
  • be substituted.
  • make unforced errors.
  • not be able to (keep up with) play.
14
Q

Explain the role of the skeletal system in producing movement of the body. (5)

A
  • The skeletal system allows movement at a joint / the shape and type of the bones determine the amount of movement / short bones enable finer controlled movements / long bones enable gross movement
  • The different joint types allow different types of movement / hinge joint allows extension and flexion / ball and socket allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circular motion
  • The skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles / when muscles (contract) they pull the bone.
15
Q

Movement is brought about by the muscular and skeletal systems working together.

Using an example, explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement (4)

A
  • Muscles are attached to bones via tendons.
  • The origin is attached to the bone that doesn’t move / the insertion is attached to the bone that moves
  • Muscles can only pull / and are arranged in pairs (antagonistic)
  • One contracts (shortens or flexes or agonist or prime mover) / and one relaxes (lengthens or antagonist)
  • Ligaments keep the joint stable
  • Movement can only occur at a joint.
16
Q

Explain what is meant by abduction. (2)

A

• The movement of a bone or limb / away from the body

17
Q

Name two of the air passages which allow air to enter the body. (2)

A
  • mouth
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • epiglottis
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
18
Q

Describe what gaseous exchange is and clearly state where it takes place. (3)

A

Oxygen being taken in / being exchanged for the carbon dioxide which is to be breathed out (2)

19
Q

Explain how the heart acts as a pump in a double circulatory system. (3)

A
  • blood enters the right atrium / dark red in colour with little oxygen
  • right atrium pumps blood / into the right ventricle
  • the right ventricle pumps through the pulmonary artery / to the lungs
  • from the lungs the blood returns / to the left atrium
  • the left atrium pumps the blood / into the left ventricle
  • the left ventricle pumps the blood / into the aorta/ to the body
20
Q

Name three major bones which are located in the leg. (3)

A
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula.
21
Q

Name two muscles which are also located in the leg. (2)

A
  • Gluteals
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius/calf
  • Soleus.
22
Q

Explain what is meant by extension. (2)

A
  • The increasing of an angle/between two bones
  • A joint which is straightened so that one of the bones of the joint moves/away from the other
  • The action of opening/ a joint.
23
Q

Give two examples of sporting situations where extension occurs. (2)

A
  • Straightening the leg at the knee when kicking a football
  • Straightening the arm at the elbow when throwing a ball
  • A correct actual example such as performing a triceps extension.
24
Q

Describe two places on the body where the pulse can be found. (2)

A
  • Radial pulse/at the base of the thumb on the inside of the wrist
  • Temporal pulse/just over the temple at the side of the forehead
  • Carotid pulse/on either side of the neck
  • Femoral pulse-in the groin.
25
Q

Explain why it is important to monitor and record the pulse rate when exercising or training. (2)

A
  • The heart rate lets you know how quickly the blood is being pumped around the body
  • This is effectively providing the energy to allow the body to exercise
  • There are certain zones or areas which the heart rate can be increased to or worked in
  • The speed of your recovery rate is a general indicator of your fitness levels
  • The quicker you are able to return your pulse to its resting rate the fitter you are
  • Monitoring the rate can be used as a training indicator to make sure you are working at the correct levels
  • Varying the pulse rate can be used relative to the principle of overload
  • Safety aspects can be considered to ensure you are not working at too high a level.
26
Q

Movement is one of the functions of the skeleton.

(i) Name three other functions.

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Shape
  • Blood production
  • Mineral storage.
27
Q

Explain the function of cartilage in relation to movement. (2)

A
  • Cushions between bones
  • To stop rubbing during movement
  • Acts as a shock absorber
  • Stabilises joints
  • Prevents excess movement
  • Allows easier movement
28
Q

What is meant by the term ‘aerobic’? (1)

A

Aerobic ‒ respiration in the presence of oxygen

Glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water

29
Q

Describe a situation in which a performer would be working aerobically. (2)

A

e.g. activities that need long term energy systems, such as cross country running or long distance cycling

30
Q

What is meant by the term ‘anaerobic’? (1)

A

Anaerobic ‒ respiration in the absence of oxygen

glucose → energy + lactic acid

31
Q

Describe a situation in which a performer would be working anaerobically. (2)

A

Activities that need short term energy systems such as 100m sprinting or weightlifting.

32
Q

Name the three major bones which are located in the arm. (3)

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna.
33
Q

Names are given to particular ranges of movements. Describe the following movements and include an example in your answer.
Rotation and Abduction

A

Rotation

  • the swivelling of a joint / such as turning the head from side to side
  • where a bone moves freely around in a curve / such as the arm at the shoulder.

Abduction
- the movement of a bone or limb away from the body / lifting the leg upwards and outwards sideways from the hip.

34
Q

What attaches muscle to bone? (1)

A

Tendon

35
Q

Name two body systems involved in providing energy for movement and physical activity. (2)

A

circulatory
respiratory
digestive

36
Q

What type of joint is found at the shoulder? (1)

A

Ball and socket/ Synovial/ Freely moveable

37
Q

Name two types of movement at the shoulder. (2)

A
  • Flexion;
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
  • Rotation
38
Q

What is the pulse? (1)

A

The beat/pump (a single contraction) of the heart.

39
Q

In which part of the body are the following muscle groups?

(i) pectorals
(ii) quadriceps

A

i) Chest/ torso/ trunk

ii) Thigh/ Upper leg

40
Q

Give three short-term effects of exercise. (3)

A
  • skin goes red/ vasodilation;
  • body temperature rises/ body gets hot;
  • body starts to sweat/ sweating;
  • dehydration/ thirsty/ nauseous/ faint;
  • breathing rate increases/ breathless/ panting;
  • O2 debt/ lactic acid build up;
  • increased minute volume;
  • increased tidal volume;
  • increased gaseous exchange;
  • heart beats faster/ heart rate increases;
  • increased stroke volume;
  • increased cardiac output;
  • blood pressure rises/ increases;
  • muscles tire;
  • muscles ache/ pain;
  • cramp;
  • stitch.
41
Q

What is lactic acid? (1)

A

A waste product released into the blood stream as a result of energy breakdown/ a waste product of anaerobic respiration.

42
Q

How does lactic acid affect performance? (3)

A

It causes a reduction in the standard of performance (1 mark) such as:
• not as fast/ slow down;
• not as hard/ intense;
• not as long (time);
• not as far (distance).
Caused by:
• increasing the acidity in the muscle cells;
• reducing the contraction capability of muscles;
• causing pain;
• causing fatigue in muscles.

43
Q

Give one type of joint in the body. (1)

A
  • ball and socket;
  • hinge;
  • synovial;
  • freely moveable;
  • fixed/immoveable.
44
Q

Name two muscles in the upper body. (2)

A
  • biceps;
  • triceps;
  • pectorals;
  • abdominals;
  • intercostal;
  • deltoids;
  • trapezius;
  • latissimum dorsi;
  • heart/cardiac;
  • bracialis.
45
Q

What is blood pressure? (2)

A
  • Resistance in the cardio-vascular system (one mark) to the flow of blood round the body (one mark).
  • force of the blood (one mark) passing through an artery (one mark)
  • a measure of blood flow/ease at which blood flows around the body.
  • a measure of the blood flow through an artery