What does science use
Uses tested standards that can be replicated
What about psudo science
Pseudo science cannot be tested and is often a general public opinion exaggerated or unprovable claims
What are the key elements of science (7)
Reliability
Validity
Internal validity
External validity
Limitations
Delimitations
Statistical significance
Why does Pseudoscience persist
Persistent core of DEVOTEES
Popularity is also a factor
What are the principles that support true science
Experiments
Controlling bias
Gold standard testing
Experimental group
Control group
Primary research
Basic research
Applied research
Epidemiological research (healthy people 2010)
Correlation studies do not prove
What is validity
Do we measure what we are looking to measure
What is internal validity
Does the treatment make a difference
Was the experiment done right
What is external validity
What does the outcome really mean to the world
Does the same thing happen in different settings
What are limitations
Things that researchers cannot control
What are delimitations
Things that researchers can control
What is statistical significance
Smaller alpha is more accurate, bigger alpha is less accurate - 0.5 %
Experiments can be…
Measured and reproduced or verified by others
Gold standard testing is
Random samples and assignment
Double blind/placebo,
Experiment and control groups
Primary research is
Made available for peer review
What is Basic research
Limited
Done in labs
Limited accipability
Wellness is
Optimal health and vitality
What are the dimensions of wellness
Physical
Emotional
Intellectual
Spiritual
Interpersonal and social
Environmental, or planetary
Infectious diseases are caused by:
When were they the leading cuase of death
By invading micro organisms
A century ago
Chronic diseases are caused by:
What is significant about these
A variety of lifestyle and other factors
Leading causes of death today
What is there a contemporary concern with
Superbugs - resistent strain of bacteria
What are the Leading causes of death overall:
IN ORDER
Heart disease
Cancer
Stroke
Chronic lower respiratory diseases
Unintentional injuries
Diabetes
What are the postive trends
Heart disease and stroke rates are falling
Smoking is down to about 19% of the population
Diets are improving with animal fat consumption down
Life expectancy is up from a decade ago
Years of healthy life to 64 - 122 years old
What is the life expectancy in men
78 years
What is the life expectancy in women
80 years
What is the life span of humans
122 years
What is the country that has the longest living people on average
Japan
What is the Leading causes of death by age: 15 - 25
IN ORDER
Unintentional injuries
Homicide
Suicide
Cancer
Heart disease
Congenital defects
HIV/AIDS
What is the Leading causes of death by age: 25 - 44
IN ORDER
Unintentional injuries
Cancer
Heart disease
Suicide
HIV/AIDS
Homicide
Chronic liver disease
What are the national wellness goals
US government’s national healthy people initiative sets goals on 10 year agendas
Major goals of healthy people 2010:
Increase quality and years of healthy life
Eliminate health disparities among Americans
Overarching Goals 2020:
Attain high quality longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death.
Achieve health quality, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and health behaviours across all life stages
What are the Dimensions of diversity
Gender
Race
Income
Education
What are the Characteristics that contribute to wellness
Physically active
Healthy diet
Maintain healthy body weight
Manage stress effectively
Avoid tobacco and drug use and limit alcohol consumption
Protect yourself from disease
What are the Negative behaviours
Excess time on social networks and other computer time traps
Excess time watching tv = increased risk of obesity and diabetes
Cigarette smoking = about 19%
Low intake of fruits and vegetables = increased risk of heart disease
Lack of sufficient activity **
What is cigarette smoking in Santa Clara county
11%
What are the benefits of physical activity
Increased endurance, strength and flexibility
Healthier muscles bones and joints
IMPROVED body composition
More Energy
Improved ability to cope with stress
Reduced risk of dying prematurely from all causes
Reduced risk of developing or dying from heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and colon cancer
Reduced anxiety, tension and depression
What are the Actual casuses of death
Smoking = 435000 deaths per year
Diet and inactivity = 112000
Alcohol = 85000
Microbial agents = 75000
Toxic agents = 55000
Motor transport = 43000
Firearms
Building motivation to change involves:
Examine the pros and cons of change
Boost self efficacy
Identify and overcome key barriers to change
Don’t allow time to become your no.1 problem
What is self efficacy
The belief in ones ability to take action
What sub categories of self efficacy
Locus of control
Visualisation and self talk
Role models and buddies
Locus of control inolves
Internal vs external
How do you go about Enhancing your readiness to change
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintainence
Termination
What is Precontemplation
No intention of changing behaviour
What is Contemplation
Intending to take aciton within 6 months
What is Preparation
planning to take action within a month
What is Action
Outwardly changing behaviour
What is Maintenance
Successful behaviour change for 6 months or more
How do you go about Putting your plan into action
Commitment
Develop strategies for behaviour change
Change friendly environment
Support
Rewards
Way of life
What is applied research
Live in the real world
With human subjects
Has immediate applicability
What is epidemiological research
What are the limitations
Research done on distribution and determinants of health and disease in defined populations
They dont indicate cause and effect as they only suggest
What is an experimental study
A study where study subjects are selected according to relevant characteristics and then random assigned to a control group or experimental group to test for cause and effect
What is an observational study
Examine specific factors in defined groups of subjects to investigate the relationship between those factors and aspects of health or illness