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1
Q

What is sociology?

A

Systematic study of human society and social interaction. More comprehensive approach to understanding aspects of social life. Human societies and social interactions to develop theories of how human behaviour is shaped by group life and society and how group life is affected by individuals. Gain a better understanding of ourselves and the social world. See how behaviour is shape by groups and society, insights on the larger world order

2
Q

.

A

.

3
Q

Contemporary society

A

Intertwine between sociology and economics

4
Q

Why is sociology systematic?

A

It applies theoretical perspectives and research methods

5
Q

Consumer society

A

Rely on credit cards, loans, lines of credit to pay for items or services. Mass phenomenon among people of diverse income categories

6
Q

Political science and sociology

A

Differences: study of origins are rater distinct (constitutional law and formal government organization)
Relation: Social interaction among the organization
overlap: Polling (contemporary social science and sociology)

7
Q

dfhs

A

iso

8
Q

Psychology and Sociology

A

Closest relation.
Differences: Psychology uses intra-individual processing as a basic unit of analysis while sociology uses inter-between processing. Sociology is more individual aspect (environment) while psychology is more group aspect (mental/body)
Relation: Social psychology

9
Q

.

A

/

10
Q

personal troubles

A

private problems of individuals and who they associate with

11
Q

public issues

A

affect large number or people, solution at societal level

12
Q

Sociological imagination

A

Place seemingly personal troubles into larger social context. How personal troubles can be related to public issuesAbility to see relationship between individual experiences and larger society

13
Q

Enlightenment

A

Intellectual revolution in how people think of social change, processes and critical thinking. Common purpose and hope of human progress

14
Q

Auguste Comte

A

Social is being with others. Founder of sociology, societies contain social statics (forces for social order and stability) and social dynamics (forces for conflict and change)

15
Q

Kinship

A

prominent unit of society

16
Q

theological stage

A

explanations based on religion/supernatural

17
Q

metaphysical stage

A

abstract philosophical speculation

18
Q

scientific/positive stage

A

Systematic observations, experimentations, comparison, historical analysis

19
Q

evolutional theory

A

theory to explain mechanisms of organic/social change.

20
Q

Social Darwinism

A

belief that those species of animals best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, poorly adapted die out
(unequal)

21
Q

natural selection

A

fittest would survive, unfit would be altered out of society

racist, sexist

22
Q

Social facts

A

Patterned ways of action, thinking, feeling that exist outside any one individual

23
Q

Contemporary social theory

A

sociology should be a science based on observation and systematic study of social facts rather than on individual characteristics and traits.

24
Q

Class conflict

A

Struggle between capitalist class and working class.

25
Q

bourgeoisie (capitalist class)

A

those who own/control means of production. tools that form economic basis of society

26
Q

proletariat (working class)

A

must sell their labour because they have no other means to earn a livelihood

27
Q

alienation

A

feeling of powerlessness, estrangement from other people and oneself.

28
Q

max weber

A

sociology should be value free, research scientific manner, exclude personal values and economic interest. Ability to see the world as others see it. Economic interests shape human actions. (Rationalization, women’s issues, bureaucracy, religion)

29
Q

Bureaucracy

A

significant factor in determining social relation among people in industrial societies

30
Q

George simmel

A

father of micro sociology. Society is web of patterned interactions among people. Interaction patterns between Dyads (two people) triads (three people). Distinguish between forms of social interaction ad content of social interaction

31
Q

formal sociology

A

universal recurring social forms underlying varying content of social interaction.

32
Q

Contemporary theoretical perspectives

A

How social life is organized. link specific observations in meaningful way. entity and competition

33
Q

theory

A

interpret reality in distinct way. set of logically interrelated statements that attempt to describe, explain, predict social events

34
Q

theoretical framework perspective

A

approach to or viewpoint on specific subject

35
Q

postmodernism

A

emerged, gained approach acceptance recently

36
Q

functionalist perspectives

A

Society of interrelated parts that contribute to overall stability of society. Assumption that society is stable, orders system

37
Q

societal consensus

A

majority of members share common set of values, beliefs and behavioural expectations

38
Q

Pearsons

A

to survive, all societies must make provisions to meet social needs. division of labour between husband and wife to keep stability and social order. other institutions assist the family, preserve system, influence sociological thinking of gender roles and family

39
Q

Merton

A

manifest and latent functions of social institutions

40
Q

manifest function

A

intended or overly recognized by participants of social unit, open stated, intended goals or consequences of activities within organization or institutions. institutions assist family, preserve the system, influence sociological thinking of gender roles and family

41
Q

latent function

A

unintended functions, hidden, remain unacknowledged by participants. establishment of social relation and network

42
Q

dysfunctions

A

undesirable consequences of any element of society (perpetuation of race, race, class inequalities, gender) threaten capacity of a society to adapt and survive.

43
Q

Social

A

atleast two, deals with social forces that come into existence with the arrival of society.

44
Q

goffman

A

dog face (no expression) someone thinks they by themselves and change expression to get ready for society. learned not influenced

45
Q

embarrassment

A

when an appropriate identity is lost and an inappropriate identity is established.

46
Q

goal of value

A

free inquiry, necessity of how others see the world

47
Q

social interaction

A

varies with number of people present group of 2 and group of 2 greater than group of 3 and group of 20

48
Q

dyad

A

tend to be more intimate, more precarious (more easily broken)

49
Q

triad

A

more impersonal

50
Q

functionalist perspetive-shopping and consuming

A

social institutions depend on each other.

51
Q

analyzing consumption

A

examines relationship between part-to-whole relationship

52
Q

conflict perspectives- shopping and consuming

A

groups in society as engaged in continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. inequalities on racism, sexism, people get what they want and need

53
Q

marx

A

exploitation or oppression of proletariat by bourgeoisie, importance of economic conditions, producing inequality and conflict in society added power and prestige as other sources of inequality

54
Q

power

A

ability of a person in a social relationship to carry out their own will despite resistance from others. critical variable in explaining human behaviour

55
Q

prestige

A

positive or negative social estimation of honour

56
Q

dahrendorf

A

conflict in inherent in ALL authority relationships

57
Q

conspicuous consumption

A

credit, get what they want

58
Q

feminist perspective

A

sociology did not acknowledge experiences of women. Studied half of social reality , how men saw them. focus . significance of gender in understanding/explaining inequalities between men and women (household, paid labour, politics, law, culture) significance of gender in understanding and explaining inequalities

59
Q

generating research theory

A

by, for and about women, personal women problems (violence, poverty, invisibility of reproductive labour in public forms)

60
Q

feminism

A

variety of perspectives, debates, approaches by feminist writers. microlevel and macrolevel analysis in studying experiences of women. Interpersonal relationships between men and women (verbal, non-verbal communication, attitudes, values, social control, dynamics of power

61
Q

anthropology and sociology

A

human existence over geographic space and time, traditional societies and development of diverse cultures

62
Q

society

A

large grouping that shares the same geographical territory, is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

63
Q

global interdependence

A

relationship in which the lives of people are closely intertwined and any one of nations problems are part of larger global problem.

64
Q

sociological imagination

A

discover patterns and commodities in human behaviour, distinguish between personal and social troubles. ability to see relationship between individual experiences and larger society. place personal troubles into large social context, how personal troubles can be related to public issues

65
Q

common sense knownledge

A

form of knowing that guides ordinary conduct in everyday life

66
Q

myth

A

popular but else notion that might be used intentionally or unintentionally to perpetuate certain beliefs and theories even in light of conclusive evidence

67
Q

scientific standards

A

study society and social interaction in a systematic presentation

68
Q

personal troubles

A

affect large numbers of people, solution at societal levee

69
Q

high-income countries

A

nations with highly industrialized economies, technologically advanced industrial, administrative, service occupations, high levels of national and personal income

70
Q

middle-income countries

A

industrializing economies, urban areas, moderate national and personal incomes

71
Q

low-income countries

A

primarily agrarian, little industrialization, low levels of national and personal income

72
Q

scientific and positive stage

A

industry prominent,

73
Q

race

A

social construction justifying existing social inequality

74
Q

ethnicity

A

groups cultural heritage and identity

75
Q

class

A

relative location of a person or group within larger society

76
Q

sex

A

biological and anatomical differences

77
Q

gender

A

meanings, beliefs, practices associated with sex differences

78
Q

industrialization

A

societies are transformed from dependence on ag and handmade products to manufacturing and related industries.

79
Q

urbanization

A

increasing production of polpulation lives in cities rather than rural

80
Q

positivism

A

world best understood through scientific enquiry

81
Q

social statics

A

social order ad stability

82
Q

social dynamics

A

conflict and change

83
Q

patriarchy

A

males possess greater economic and social priviliedges

84
Q

rapid socia change and more specialized division of labour

A

strains in society, breakdown of institutes, social problems (crime and suicide)

85
Q

instrumental tasks

A

leadership decision making

86
Q

expressive tasks

A

leadership and decision making

87
Q

function and conflict perspectives

A

macrolevel analysis- whole societies, large-scale social structures and social systems

88
Q

symbolic interactionist

A

microlevel analysis small groups rather than large-scale social structures- day-to-day interactions behaviour

89
Q

symbolic interactionist perspective

A

sum of interactions of individuals and groups

90
Q

symbolic interaction

A

communicate through use of symbols, derive meanings from social situations

91
Q

subjective reality

A

each persons definition and interpretation of a given situation. agreed upon symbols.

92
Q

symbolic interactionist perspective-shopping and consuming

A

roles played in society, interactions, define situations fave-to-face interactions

93
Q

new interaction

A

negotiated all over again. outcome not known

94
Q

social marketplace

A

raise or lower emotional energy

95
Q

postmodern perspective

A

rapid social change occurs as society moves from modern to postmodern (harmful), post-industrialization consumerism, global communications, decline in social institutions

96
Q

postmodern societies

A

individual freedom, no structural constraints

97
Q

postmodern perspective to shopping and consuming

A

consumer society. getting people to consume more and own variety

98
Q

functionalist perspective

A

assume society is stable, orderly system characterized by social consensus, overlooks importance pf change in society

99
Q

conflict perspective

A

argues society is continuous power struggle among competing groups, mimed importance of social stability and shared values in society

100
Q

feminist perspective

A

significance of gender in understanding and explaining inequalities between men and women in politics, law, labour, household and culture

101
Q

symbolic interactionist perspective

A

focus on how people make sense of their everyday social interactions, mutually understood symbols, focus on microlevel of society

102
Q

postmodern theories

A

entirely new ways of examining social life are needed, move beyond functionalist, conflict and interactionist persepctives

103
Q

attitude of everyday life

A

perspective that we employ in day-to-day activities. understand and interpret events and sometimes predict

104
Q

characteristic

A

personal perspective. ourselves at centre of everything

105
Q

selective attention

A

environment, most relevant to meeting our action ntersts of the moment

106
Q

selective inattention

A

ignore not relevant to our action interests at the moment

107
Q

membership group

A

we belong to

108
Q

social unit

A

we identify with. not necessarily a part of. understand and account for contradictory behaviour

109
Q

norm

A

idea shared by group concerning how its members are expected or ought to act under certain conditions and circumstances along with positive and negative sanctins

110
Q

comparison funciton

A

influence more indirectly, frame of reference against which we can compare and evaluate our own response to things including ourselves as social actors

111
Q

routines

A

sense if trust, coordinate our activities, sense of logical security, save mental energy, sense of reality

112
Q

stereotype

A

personal characteristics and behaviours expected of anyone who holds particular social identity in particular situation (relate to others)

113
Q

social structure

A

relationships sufficiently stable, patterned, recurrent identity as objects in their own rights

114
Q

role

A

interrelated set of norms, link together social positions

115
Q

role set

A

set of roles, logically linked together

116
Q

status set

A

all social positions at a time

117
Q

social structure

A

complex framework of social instituisons and social practices that make up a society and organize and establish limits on peoples behaviour

118
Q

social interaction

A

how people act and respond to other people

119
Q

society

A

large social grouping sharing same geographed territory, political authority, cultural expectations

120
Q

social structure-microlevel

A

the roles we play, groups we belong

121
Q

social marginality

A

state of being part insider part outsider in social strucutre

122
Q

stigma

A

physical and social attribute sign that devayes social identity, non full social acceptance

123
Q

status

A

socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights and duties

124
Q

ascribed status

A

at birth, involuntarily, based on attributes with little or no control

125
Q

achieved status

A

assume voluntarily, personal choice, ability, competition

126
Q

master stats

A

most important a person occupies, dominates all others

127
Q

status symbol

A

material sign informing others of persons specific status

128
Q

role expectation

A

groups, society definition of way role ought to be played

129
Q

role performance

A

how a person plays a role

130
Q

role ambiguity

A

expectations associated with role are uncler

131
Q

role conflict

A

incompatible demiards by two or more statuses

132
Q

role strain

A

incompatible demands built into single status

133
Q

role exit

A

disengage from roles central to their identity

134
Q

social group

A

2 or more people who interact frequently, common identity, interdependence

135
Q

primary group

A

small, less specialized, face-to-face, extended time

136
Q

secondary group

A

larger, more specialized, more impersonal, limited time, no emotional times