Anatomy
The structure of an organism
Physiology
The function of a living organism and its components
The trunk or torso is
composed of the
thorax (chest) and the abdomen (belly)
caput
head
Skull: Cranial portion
Contains the brain and its components
Skull: Facial portion
Contains the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity,
and teeth
Cranial cavity
Brain
Vertebral canal
Spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
Lungs and related structures
Pericardial cavity
Heart
Abdominal cavity
Digestive organs
Anatomical position
Body erect
Palms, arms, and hands face forward
Axis
The imaginary midline around which
the body pivots
The axial skeleton
Head and trunk
Spinal cord is axis
The appendicular skeleton
Lower limbs
Upper limbs
Refer to Figure 1-1: Terms of Orientation
Frontal plane
Divides body into front and back halves
Sagittal plane
Divides body into right and left halves
Transverse plane
Divides body into upper and lower halves
Anterior or ventral surface
Front of body
Posterior or dorsal surface
Back of body
Superficial surface
Surface of body
Deep
Direction away from the surface
Deep Surface
Direction away from the surface
Superior Body Position
Upper regions of body
Inferior Body Position
Lower regions of body
Prone Body Position
Body horizontal with face down
Supine Body Position
Body horizontal with face up
Lateral
The side
Proximal
Point closest to the trunk
Distal
Point farthest from the trunk
Flexion
Bending at a joint
Extension
Straightening out a joint
Plantar
Sole of the foot
Palmar
Palm of the hand
Epithelial tissue
Covers surfaces of the body
Covers linings of cavities and
passageways
Acts as a barrier against hostile agents such as
infectious organisms
Prevents dehydration and fluid loss
Connective tissue
Binds together and supports tissues
and organs
May be solid, liquid, or gel-like
Areolar tissue: adipose and lymphoid tissue
Fibrous tissue: binds structures together
Cartilage: hyaline, fibro-cartilage, yellow
(elastic) cartilage
Blood: plasma and blood cells
Bone: hardest form of connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Muscular tissue is contractile
Classifications of muscular tissue
Voluntary striated muscle (skeletal muscle)
Involuntary smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Refer to Figure 1-2: Striated and smooth muscle and
Table 1-1: Tissue Types
Nervous tissue
Specialized for communication Consists of neurons or nerve cells Functions to transfer information From one neuron to another From neuron to muscle From sensory receptors to other neural entities
Nervous tissue
Specialized for communication
Consists of neurons or nerve cells
Functions to transfer information:
From one neuron to another
From neuron to muscle
From sensory receptors to other neural entities
Organs
body tissues combined together to
perform a special function
Organ tissues all serve the same
general purpose
Fascia
Membrane that surrounds organs
Ligaments
Fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilage
Tendons
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
or cartilage
Muscles
Aggregates of contractive muscle fibers
with a common function
Can shorten to about half their length
Origin is the point of attachment of the least
mobile element
Insertion is the point of attachment that
moves when a muscle contracts
Refer to Figure 1-7: Mechanical advantage
derived from point of insertion
Agonists
Muscles that move structures
Antagonists
Muscles that oppose contraction of agonists
Synergists
Muscles that stabilize structures
Muscle Innervation
Muscles are innervated by a single
nerve
Innervation can be sensory (afferent) or excitory (efferent)
A motor unit consists of:
One efferent nerve fiber
Muscle fibers it innervates
Body Systems
Systems are groups of organs that
perform a specific function
Failure or deficiency of an organ causes
functional disorders
Organs can be part of more than one
system
Muscular system
Smooth, straight, and cardiac muscle
Skeletal system
Bones and cartilages
Respiratory system
Oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, trachea
and bronchial passageway, and lungs
Digestive system
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver,
intestines, and glands
Systems of Speech
Respiratory system
Involves respiration
Phonatory system
Produces voiced sound
Articulatory/resonatory system
Shapes the oral cavity for production of sounds of
speech
Nervous system
Controls speech processes