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Flashcards in Chapt 8 Deck (43)
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1
Q

Supreme court and civil rights

A
  • Justice Earl Warren

- Brown vs. board of education

2
Q

Justice Earl Warren

A
  • Active judicial intervention in previously taboo social issues
  • courageously led the court to address urgent issues that congress and the president preferred to avoid
3
Q

Brown v. Board of eductaion

A
  • Topeka Kansas
  • segregation in the public schools was “inherently unequal” and thus unconstitutional
  • it reversed the court’s rule of 1896 in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities were allowable under the constitution
4
Q

Disegregation

A
  • must go ahead with “all deliberate speed”
  • deep south organized “massive resistance”
  • 10 years later only 2% of the eligible blacks in the deep south were sitting in classrooms with whites
5
Q

In Sept Ike was forced to act:

A
  • Orval Faubus, governor of Arkansas, mobilized the national guard to prevent 9 black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High School
  • Ike sent troops to escort them to their classes
6
Q

civil rights act

A
  • first passed since reconstruction

- set up a permanent civil rights commission to investigate violations of civil rights

7
Q

Space race

A
  • NASA started under Eisenhower in response to Sputnik
  • Kennedy promoted a multibillion-dollar project dedicated to “landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth”
  • July 1969
  • Apollo Mission
8
Q

Freedom Riders

A
  • fanned out to end segregation in facilities serving bus passengers
  • when local govt couldn’t stop violence, Washington dispatched federal marshals to protect them
9
Q

struggle for civil rights

A
  • integration of southern universities
  • violence occurred, even portrayed on TV
  • President delivered a memorable televised speech to the nation on June 11th, 1963
  • called for new civil rights legislation to protect citizens
10
Q

March on Washington

A
  • August 1963
  • “I have a dream” speech
  • violence still continued
  • by the time of Kennedy’s death, his civil rights bill was making little headway, blacks were increasingly impatient
11
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A
  • banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public
  • strengthened federal govt’s power to end segregation in schools and public places
  • Title VII banned employers from discriminating on race or national origin in hiring
  • Title VII passed with the sexual clause intact
  • affirmative action against discrimination
12
Q

The great society

A

-Johnson’s domestic program, a sweeping New Dealish economic and welfare measure

13
Q

Escalating the war on poverty

A

doubled the appropriation of the office of economic opportunity to $2 bill

14
Q

National Endowments for the arts and humanities

A
  • designed to the level of American Cultural life

- aid to education

15
Q

Medicare

A
  • for the elderly

- accompanied by medicaid

16
Q

immigration reform

A

the immigration and nationality act 1965 abolished national origins quota system that had been in place since 1921

17
Q

Great society programs came in for political attacks in later years

A
  • yet the poverty level declined measurably in the ensuring decade
  • medicare drametic reductions for the elderly
  • anti-poverty platforms
  • project headstart sharply improved the educational performance of underprivledged youth
  • infant mortality rates fell in minority communities
18
Q

voting rights act of 1965

A

-one of America’s most persistent evils; racial discrimination

19
Q

civil rights act of 1964

A
  • gave the federal govt more muscle to enforce school desegregation orders
  • add to prohibit racial discrimination in all kinds of public accommodations and employment
20
Q

24th amendment

A
  • ratified January 1964

- abolished the poll tax in federal elections

21
Q

Nixon on the homefront

A
  • Philidelphia plan

- the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): concern for the environment

22
Q

America’s policy of backing Israel against its oil-rich neighbors exacted a heavy penalty

A

In October 1973, OPEC nations announced an embargo of the United States and several European allies supporting Israel, especially the Netherlands

23
Q

The energy crisis

A
  • energized long-deferred projects
  • since 1948 the US had been a net importer
  • American oil production peaked in 1970 then declined
  • by 1974 America was oil-addicted
24
Q

OPEC

A
  • quadrupled its price after 1974
  • resulted in huge new oil bills for the US
  • added further fuel to the raging fires of inflation
  • US took the lead to form the International Energy Agency in 1974
25
Q

Reagan’s smaller govt policies

A

-proposed new federal budget of $35 bill cuts to mostly social programs (food stamps) and federally funded job training centers

26
Q

congress swallowed Reagan’s budget proposals

A

-substantial reductions in tax rates over 3 years

27
Q

Reagan’s supply side economics

A

The combination of budgetary discipline and tax reduction would stimulate new investment, boost productivity, foster dramatic economic growth, and eventually reduce the federal budget.

28
Q

supply side economic policies

A

First time in the 20th century income gaps widened between the richest and the poorest Americans

29
Q

source of economic upturn

A

-Massive military expenditures:
Reagan cascaded $2 trillion dollars to military spending
-Federal budget deficits topped $100 billion in 1982
-Was able to curtail government spending on social programs by making it impossible

30
Q

Reagan denouncing soviet union

A
  • “focus of evil in the modern world”
  • believed in negotiating with soviets
  • Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)—popularly called Star Wars
  • Completely impossible, but his spending eventually crushed the Soviet’s economy and led to their collapse
31
Q

false start for reform

A
  • Institutes don’t ask don’t tell to allow homosexuals in the military as long as they keep it secret
  • Tries and fails to pass health care reform.
  • decreased the deficit
  • NAFTA
  • 1996 passed welfare reform to help cut back and “clean up” the system
  • Overall though he balanced the budget and started to pay down the debt
32
Q

NAFTA

A

-North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement. Eliminates tariffs and trade barriers among North American countries. Is not good for the U.S. because it is cheaper now to make items outside the US and many businesses start to do just that

33
Q

Canada in the shadow of Goliath

A

-Also had economic growth in industry after WWII, but much coming with the investment, and ownership, of the U.S.
-Canada struggles both to maintain its relevance and be a strong partner to and with the U.S.
Share military protection and environmental protection of Great Lakes

34
Q

Canada Liberal Party

A
  • Lester Pearson: The 1960s created Canada’s own social security system and national health insurance program
  • Pierre Trudeau: 1968 Official Languages Act created a bilingual federal civil service and encouraged French cultural growth
    -Conservative Party, in the 1980s, privatized much of the state-run businesses, which angered voters
    -Quebec, under the Quebecois, agitated for separation.
    A popular vote for it was defeated in 1995 though
35
Q

Area of dependency in Latin America

A

-Many Latin American countries forced, because of the Great Depression, to start their own industries because of a lack of imports

36
Q

L.A 1960s

A
  • was again dependent on the U.S., Europe and Japan
  • This led to poverty
  • Led to military dictatorships in many, like Brazil, Chile, and Argentina
  • These failed though because they often relied on corporations, who wanted cheap labor, and led to economic collapse by 1982
  • Governments, most of them reasserted democracies, took back over and tried to reform.
  • Some benefited from free trade and capitalism in the 1990s
  • Some had socialist revolutions, like in Cuba and Chile, because of inequality
37
Q

Role of the Catholic church in L.A

A

Tried to institute land reform and wage reform for the poor.

  • Some took a more violent action called liberation theology, using violence and even Marxism to liberate the oppressed
  • In recent years Protestants have made inroads in L.A.
38
Q

Behemoth to the North

A
  • U.S. acted when it felt threatened by communism, as in Cuba or Chile, where the U.S. backed Chilean dictator took over from the commies in the 1970s! He was eventually overthrown by an elected government after abusing his power in 1989
  • Things are not much better with the free trade today
39
Q

Nationalism and the military: Argentina and Brazil

A

Most countries in the area today are some type of democracy, but not all

40
Q

Argentina

A
  • Military Seized power in 1943

- Since then the democratic government has had limited success under Nestor Kirchner and his wife.

41
Q

Brazil

A
  • Incapable democracy replaced by a military dictatorship in 1964
  • Military resigned and democracy took over in 1985
  • Workers party, under President Lula, took over in 2002 and opened up millions of rainforest acres to farming and found offshore oil for exporting.
  • This helped many and reduced the income gap
  • When he left office in 2010 the country was well poised to dominate S. America
42
Q

Mexican Way

A

-Since 2000 there has been limited success as Mexico still has 40% poverty. 1 in 10 make less than a dollar/day. Crime rates are bad and drugs are prevalent.

43
Q

Leftist Variant

A
  • Cuba and Venezuela have not followed the mix of military and democracy, like most L.A. countries, but have gone in on socialism
  • Venezuela, rich because of oil and an OPEC country, nationalized oil in 1976
  • 1997 socialist dictator Hugo Chavez took power and tried to help the poor.
  • He has built close relationships with Cuba and helped socialism spread to Bolivia and Ecuador