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Flashcards in Chapt 10 Deck (81)
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1
Q

The welfare state

A

= social benefits + social democracy + modern capitalism

2
Q

Charles de Gaulle

A

-Wanted to restore France to greatness. -created a strong presidency and with him elected in 1958 and a more stable political system with fewer parties -Created the 5th republic with a president with limitless power over Parliament -Pulled France out of NATO and developed a bomb in 1960

3
Q

Shift to the Left

A

Mitterand 1980-1995

4
Q

A Season of Discontent

A

Mid 1990s anti-immigrant attitudes

5
Q

Germany: Across the Cold War Divide

A

-Federal Republic of Germany in 1949

6
Q

Konrad Adenauer

A

-Chancellor 1949-63 -Worked to restore German prestige and relax anti-German attitudes -Turned Germany’s economy into a giant, with wages increasing, unemployment falling and the GNP higher than prewar Germany (all with ½ of a country)

7
Q

Ostpolitik

A

-(Opening Towards the East) -During the 1970s he worked for better relations between East and West Germany

8
Q

Germany United: The Party’s Over

A

East Germany still lags behind the West (as a united country) Unemployment is double and wages are 80% of the West Has led to resentment against foreigners

9
Q

Germany still faces issues of…

A

melding East and West and several successive governments have failed to do it

10
Q

Great Britain

A

-nationalized the Bank of England, coal and steel industries, public transportation and utilities. -Gave everyone healthcare and social security -Costly at first, but highly beneficial

11
Q

Imperial Sunset

A

Dismantled much of their empire

12
Q

“Thatcherism”

A

-the Conservatives in Ascendance -Cut spending in all areas, but hurt those in need -Increased spending in military and went to war in Falkland Islands to keep them, against Argentina

13
Q

The Era of Tony Blair

A

Moderate like Clinton, who attempted to combine socialism with capitalism

14
Q

Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969).

A

The movement led to the ousting of the French

15
Q

Under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948).

A

India gained independence in 1947 from the British

16
Q

Muslim leaders

A

called for partition into separate Hindu and Muslim states.

17
Q

The states of Pakistan and India

A

were created, more than 500,000 died, and 10 million became refugees.

18
Q

Pakistan

A

an Islamic republic, became a U.S. ally, while India, a socialist-friendly democratic state, pursued a policy of nonalignment

19
Q

the middle class

A

In Europe a new breed of managers and experts replaced traditional property owners as the leaders of the middle class.

20
Q

Lower Class

A

-A mass exodus took place from farms and the countryside. -The number of industrial workers in western Europe declined, as jobs for white-collar and service employees grew and workers became better educated.

21
Q

Migrations within national borders

A

Spain, Portugal, and Italy

22
Q

Migrations from south to north

A

-from Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey to Germany, often through formal guest worker programs. -Most guest workers were young, unskilled single men who sent much of their income home to their families.

23
Q

Postcolonial Migration

A

-former colonies and developing world to the prosperous states of Europe -Caribbean, India, Africa, and Asia moved to Britain

24
Q

Patterns of Postwar Migration

A

-migration within national borders -migration from south to north -postcolonial migration -tensions

25
Q

The Conservative Backlash

A

Neoliberalism Margaret Thatcher Helmut Kohl Francois Mitterand

26
Q

Neoliberalism

A

-government should cut social services -limit business subsidies, retreat from regulation, and privatize state managed industries

27
Q

Margaret Thatcher

A

British prime minister who pushed through free-market policies, cut spending on health care, education and public housing, reduced taxes, and privatized government-run enterprises

28
Q

Helmut Kohl

A

-German chancellor (b. 1930) who cut taxes and government spending but helped lead the German economy to greater growth -prepared a ten-point plan to exploit the historical moment

29
Q

Francois Mitterand

A
  • French president and Socialist party leader elected in 1981 who led France back to the left -social reforms, like more vacation and higher minimum wage
30
Q

The Feminism

A

Emerged in response to changing patterns of motherhood and paid work

31
Q

Feminist Movement

A
  • Pushed for laws against discrimination, equal pay for equal work, maternity leave, the right to divorce, and legalized abortion and protection from rape and physical violence -antinuclear peace movement
32
Q

Seperiststs movements

A

Ireland, Spain, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, and Belgium, ethnic groups struggled for special rights, political autonomy, and even national independence.

33
Q

ETA

A

territorial independence for a Basque homeland in northern Spain.

34
Q

The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)

A

Northern Ireland

35
Q

Right-wing (conservative)Extremists

A

Included the Northern League in Italy, the National Democratic Party in West Germany, and Jean-Marie Le Pen

36
Q

Jean-Marie Le Pen

A

the French populist and founder of the French National Front who opposed European integration and immigration

37
Q

popular support

A

After the wall was opened, more than half of the population entered West Germany

38
Q

International agreement

A

Gorbachev, Thatcher and Bush agreed to German unity in exchange for German loans to the Soviet Union and recognition of its existing borders.

39
Q

Success Stories

A
  • Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary were the most successful
  • Their liberal democratic values reinforced political moderation, they were accepted into the NATO alliance and into the E.U.
40
Q

The Laggards

A

Romania and Bulgaria, even though they did join the E.U. and NATO

41
Q

Ostalgie

A
  • The German term for the fondness for the lifestyle and culture of the vanished Eastern Bloc, and for the guaranteed jobs, social benefits, and stability of the old system.
  • Crappy, but no crime or real worries, because of control
42
Q

Dealing with the past

A

It proved difficult to deal with former elites who may have committed crimes. Germany opened the records of the East German secret police

43
Q

Slobodan Milosevic

A
  • The Serbian President and former Communist bureaucrat who after the revolutions in 1989 attempted to grab land from the other Yugoslavian republics and unite all Serbs into a “greater Serbia.”
  • He abolished self-rule for the Serbian province of Kosovo
44
Q

The civil war

A

Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence from Yugoslavia, Milosevic’s troops were repulsed in Slovenia but took about 30 percent of Croatia.

45
Q

Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia

A
  • the attempt to establish ethnically pure regions
  • , Bosnian Serbs attempted to “cleanse” themselves of the larger Bosnian Muslim population, leading to nearly 300,000 deaths in the ensuing fighting, horrific massacres
  • NATO bombing of Serbian military targets, and the forced expulsion of Serbs from Croatia
46
Q

Kosovo

A

In 1998, Kosovar militants began to fight for independence, Serbian forces attacked Kosovar guerrillas and unarmed villagers

47
Q

aftermath

A
  • War crimes trials were brought against Milosevic in the Netherlands and the United States.
  • Many Western nations recognized Kosovo’s independence from Serbia, but Serbia and Russia did not.
48
Q

international trade

A

Changed fundamentally personal computer technologies, the deregulation of national and international finance systems, and the emergence of multinational corporations.

49
Q

Global contagion

A

-The close connections between national economies made the entire world vulnerable to economic panics and downturns in individual regions. -global recession that began in 2008 with a collapse in the United States real estate market.

50
Q

global production

A

outsource labor-intensive manufacturing jobs

51
Q

changing work in western europe

A

Manufacturing jobs disappeared, as the service sector grew dramatically

52
Q

winners and losers first tier

A

Highly-paid experts, executives, and professionals (about ¼ of the population) who managed the information industries were the clear winners.

53
Q

2nd tier

A

tier consisted of a struggling middle class experiencing stagnating incomes and a declining standard of living and workers from the formerly well-paid industrial sector.

54
Q

bottom tier

A

consisted of an underclass performing unskilled jobs and recently arrived immigrants.

55
Q

Maastricht Treaty 1991 & 1992

A

European union and led to the creation of the Euro, the European currency

56
Q

opposition

A

leftist parties, populist nationalists, and those opposed to the E.U.’s growing bureaucracy in Brussels

57
Q

expansion

A

493 million citizens in 27 different countries

58
Q

other nonprofit international organizations

A

The World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization

59
Q

nongovernmental organizations

A

Doctors without Borders, Greenpeace, Oxfam

60
Q

global protests

A

Often aimed at the leaders and structure of globalization including McDonalds, the World Trade Organization, and the World Bank.

61
Q

fertility rates

A

fertility rates range from 1.2 to 1.8 children per woman of childbearing age.

62
Q

potential consequences

A

A declining and aging population (where half of the population would be over 60), soaring social security taxes, and generational conflict.

63
Q

north africa and turkey

A

Many of the foreign workers brought in between 1960 and 1970 stayed on and brought their families. Postcolonial immigration also continued.

64
Q

refugees

A
  • Streamed in from Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, and Rwanda
  • Can add Syria now
65
Q

illegal immigration

A

Soared to nearly 500,000 by the mid-2000s and was aided by economic opportunity, criminal gangs, and the lack of border controls between E.U. member states.

66
Q

immigrants

A
  • By 2005, immigrants composed about 10 percent of western European population
  • The majority were unskilled and living in separate city and suburban districts marked by poor and crowded housing conditions.
67
Q

controversies

A
  • Multiculturalism has led to controversies over who and what should be considered European, immigration, and national identity. Many far-right political parties, including Le Pen’s National Front, exploited widespread unease with these cultural changes.
  • Is not an issue for the U.S., but a completely new situation in Europe
68
Q

msulim minorities

A
  • Islam is now the largest minority religion in Europe, and major cities have substantial Muslim minorities
  • 10 percent in Paris, Copenhagen, and London
69
Q

Islamic extremism

A
  • Manifested itself in attacks in Spain in 2004, London and shrill pronouncements by certain militants.
  • Most Muslims rejected such radical extremism,
70
Q

problem of integration

A

-The second and third generations of immigrants suffered disproportionately from the decline of European manufacturing from the 1970s onward. -Not fitting in like they should over time.

71
Q

. Growing Strains in U.S.-European Relations

A

Reasons for the Strains

problems in NATO

Iraq war

72
Q

Reasons for the Strains

A
  • European Union challenged the predominance of the United States. (under George W. Bush)
  • Washington refused to ratify the Kyoto Treaty of 1997
73
Q

Problems in NATO

A
  • NATO continued to expand, swelling to 28 members by 2010.
  • It became difficult for NATO to win unanimous support for its actions, and Russia was angered by NATO expansion into Eastern Europe.
74
Q

Iraq war

A

Heavily strained U.S.-European relations, although the election of Obama brought some improvement.

75
Q

invasion of Iraq

A

Many European leaders questioned America’s rationale for the war on terror and criticized American human rights violations.

76
Q

Limited Energy resources

A

In 2008, Europe and Russia had 12 percent of the world’s population but consumed about 40 percent of the world’s annual natural gas production, 25 percent of the oil, and 16 percent of the coal.

77
Q

Russia’s energy policy

A

Russian leaders used their massive oil and natural gas reserves to pursue a harder-edged foreign policy (in regions like Georgia and Chechyna).

78
Q

Dwindling food and water supplies

A

The result of overuse, pollution, and nitrate-based fertilizers

79
Q

EU policies

A

The E.U. imposed restrictions on emissions, the dumping of pollutants into rivers and oceans, and overfishing.

80
Q

Limits on state sovereignty

A

The E.U. put limits on the sovereignty

81
Q

promoting individual rights

A

Europeans condemned the use of the death penalty in the United States, Saudi Arabia, and China 3. Helping Developing Nations