Ch4 Logic, Ethics and Decision-Making

Question 1

Ability to reason and present a strong argument in favor of or against a position

Answer 1

Logic

Question 2

Analysis of the principles of human conduct in order to be able to determine between right and wrong

Answer 2

Ethics

Question 3

The process that arrives at a general conclusion based on a foundation of specific examples or data

Answer 3

Inductive Reasoning

Question 4

The process of reaching a specific conclusion based on a general statement or principle

Answer 4

Deductive Reasoning

Question 5

A process that is based on the relationship between two or more events in such a way that it is obvious that one caused the other to occur

Answer 5

Causal Reasoning (Cause and Effect)

Question 6

A three part statement that consists of a major premise, minor premise and conclusion

Answer 6

Syllogism

Question 7

Reasoning that is based on a comparison between two similar cases

Answer 7

Analogical Reasoning

Question 8

False or fallacious reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade others without sufficient supporting evidence or by using irrelevant or inappropriate arguments

Answer 8

Fallacy

Question 9

Makes a faulty connection between the cause and effect

Answer 9

Causal Fallacy

- The Soviet Union collapsed after instituting state atheism. Therefore, we must avoid atheism for the same reasons.

Question 10

Tries to make the statement that EVERYONE is doing something or believes something so that makes it the correct point of view or activity

Answer 10

Bandwagon Fallacy

- Everyone is going to the party, so you should let me go too.

Question 11

Makes a weak, easily refuted statement to take attention away from the main point, thus creating a distraction from the main point

Answer 11

Straw Man Fallacy

- A proponent of a new library uses the statement: There are those who don’t care if children can read.

Question 12

Makes an argument or conclusion that is based on insufficient evidence; can also result in stereotyping

Answer 12

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

- My uncle Fred is lazy; therefore, all men named Fred are lazy.

Question 13

Occurs when someone uses irrelevant facts to distract the listener from the main issue

Answer 13

Red Herring Fallacy

• You may claim that the death penalty is an ineffective deterrent against crime - but what about the victims of crime?
• How do you think surviving family members feel when they see the man who murdered their son kept in prison at their expense?

Question 14

Concludes something that simply does not follow the main premise of the argument

Answer 14

Non Sequitur Fallacy
- The city council should not build a new fire station because the city cannot afford to keep the swimming pools open during the summer.

Question 15

Consists of a series of worsening consequences that are assumed will result from the initial decision or action

Answer 15

Slippery Slope Fallacy
- You can never give anyone a break. If you do, they will continuously take advantage of you and finally they will walk all over you.

Question 16

Three basic components of ethics

Answer 16

• Origins of personal ethics of individuals
• Causes of unethical conduct
• How people justify unethical conduct in themselves and an organization

Question 17

Ethics: 3-step check

Answer 17

1. Is it legal?
2. Is it fair to all concerned?
3. How will it make me feel about myself?

Question 18

For some organizations, financial success in the form of profits may be all that matters

Answer 18

Bottom Line Mentality

Question 19

An attitude in some private and public organizations encourages people to use others in order to succeed

Answer 19

Exploitive Mentality

Question 20

Decisions that are routine or recurring and are usually based on existing standards, rules, regulations, procedures or policies of the organization

Answer 20

Generic

Question 21

Decisions that involve a non-routine, nonrecurring, unique and significant situation

Answer 21

Exceptional

Question 22

The leader gathers information and makes the decision based on the best possible alternative to the situation. Usually applied to exceptional decisions with potential for high risk or uncertain outcomes.

Answer 22

Rational or Classical Model

Question 23

Allows the leader to select the decision that will satisfy the minimum requirements of the situation. Usually applied to generic decisions that have certain outcomes.

Answer 23

Bounded Rationality Model

Question 24

The use of a group in the decision making process is basic to the _____________ style that is part of democratic management.

Answer 24

participatory management

Question 25

The result of psychological conflicts within the individual

Answer 25

Psychological (Internal) Barriers

Question 26

Barriers that exist outside an individual that may be created by how a situation is organized.

Answer 26

Organizational (External) Barriers

Question 27

Why members of a group may go along with a decision even when they believe it to be a bad one rather than dissent against the group

Answer 27

Abilene Paradox